The relationship between daily mood and Creative Process Engagement(CPE) The moderating effects of Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience
Article Sidebar
Published:
Feb 28, 2014
Main Article Content
Abstract
The current study investigates how daily mood(positive or negative affect) alters creative behaviors of employees, and how personality traits(conscientiousness and openness to experience) moderate this relationship. In particular, assuming that mood in organization varies on a daily basis, we focused on the relationship between general mood in the workplace and creative process engagement(CPE) at a within-person level. Based on the previous literature review on how emotional valence stimulates creative behaviors, we developed and tested hypotheses stating that positive mood would facilitate creative behaviors while negative mood would inhibit them. Moreover, as moderators, we examined the effects of conscientiousness and openness to experience of the Five-Factor traits which either strengthen or weaken the relations between mood and creative behaviors. The model was tested on a sample of 71 employees of large companies in Korea. We collected and analyzed data on mood and CPE for 10 working days. As a result, it was found that daily positive mood enhances CPE while negative mood hinders it, and conscientiousness attenuates the effect of mood on CPE. In particular, for those with high conscientiousness, the influence of mood on CPE was not as strong, and highly conscious people portrayed a relatively stable and high level of CPE. We concluded with a discussion of the contribution of between-and within-person level variables in predicting creativity and its practical implications as well as limitations.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
Article Details
How to Cite
Chang, J., & Moon, H. (2014). The relationship between daily mood and Creative Process Engagement(CPE): The moderating effects of Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 27(1), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v27i1.165-189
Section
Empirical Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Funding data
-
National Research Foundation of Korea
Grant numbers NRF-2011-327- B00976
References
박영석, 박신연 (1999). 작업환경과 작업동기 및 문제해결 방식이 조직 창의성에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 13(2), 85-105.
박주용 (2002). 창의성, 개인차를 보이는 하나의 인지적 기술인가? 인지과학, 13(4), 25- 41.
은영신, 유태용, 서학삼 (2012). 주도적 성격과 창의적 행동 간의 관계: 학습목표지향성의 매개효과와 자기 효능감, 조직풍토, 상사지원의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 25(3), 607-632.
장재윤 (2001). 연봉제 도입이 조직분위기, 조직구성원들의 내재적 동기 및 창의적인 행동에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 14(3), 25-55.
장재윤, 박영석 (2000). 창의적 작업환경 측정용 KEYS 척도의 타당화 연구: 한국 기업조직을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 13(1), 61-90.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 357-376.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings(Eds.), Research in organizational behavior(pp. 123-167). JAI Press.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity. Colorado: Westview Press.
Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, 367-403.
Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood- creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134, 779-806.
Baer, M., & Oldham, G. R. (2006). The curvilinear relation between experienced creative time pressure and creativity: Moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 963-970.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Personnel psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1993). Autonomy as a moderator of the relationship between the big five personality dimensions and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 111-118.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Struass, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representative: test of the mediating effects of goal setting, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 715-722.
Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. (2007). Why does affect matter in organizations? Academy of Management Perspectives, 21, 36-59.
Basalla, G. (1988). The evolution of technology. London: Cambridge University Press.
Binnewies, C., & Wornlein, S. C. (2011). What makes a creative day? A diary study on the interplay between affect, job stressors, and job control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 589-607.
Boden, M. A. (1990). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms. New York: Basic Brooks.
Campbell, D. T. (1960). Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review, 67, 380-400.
Carnevale, P. J., & Probst, T. M. (1998). Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1-13.
Colbert, A. E., Mount, M. K., Harter, J. K., Witt, L. A., & Barrick, M. R. (2004). Interactive effects of personality and perceptions of the work situation on workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 599-609.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and individual differences, 13(6), 653-665.
Cullen, M. J., & Sackett, P. R. (2003). Personality and counterproductive workplace behavior. In M. R., Barrick, & A. M.,Ryan (Eds.), Personality and work (pp. 150-182). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Davis, M. A. (2009). Understanding the relationship between mood and creativity: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 25-38.
Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M., & Young, M. J. (1994). Positive affect improves creative problem solving and influences reported source of practice satisfaction in physicians. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 285-299.
Feist, G. J. (1999). Affect in artistic and scientific creativity. In S. W. Russ(Ed.), Affect, creative experience, and psychological adjustment(pp. 93-109). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
Fong, C. T. (2006). The effect of Emotional ambivalence on creativity. The Academy of Management Journal, 49(5), 1016-1030.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Friedman, R. S., & Forster, J. (2008). Activation and measurement of motivational states. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 235-248). New York: Psychology Press.
Friedman, R. S., Forster, J., & Denzler, M. (2007). Interactive effects of mood and task framing on creative generation. Creativity Research Journal, 19, 141-162.
Frijda, N. H. (1993). Moods, emotion episode, and emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 381-403). New York: Guilford Press
Furnham, A., & Bachtiar, V. (2008). Personality and intelligence as predictors of creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 613-617.
Furnham, A., Batey, M., Anand, K., & Manfield, J. (2008). Personality, hypomania, intelligence and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1060-1069.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2007). Dual tuning in a supportive context: joint contributions of positive mood, negative mood, and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal. 50(3), 605-622.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 687-697.
Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26-42.
Goschke, T. (2006, June). Affective modulation of selective attention and background-monitoring. Invited talk presented in the Experimenteel Psychologische Onderzoekschool(EPOS) symposium, Affective modulation of cognitive performance. Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Greene, T. R., & Noice, H. (1988). Influence of positive affect upon creative thinking and problem solving in children. Psychological Reports, 63, 895-898.
Hofmann, D. A., Griffin, M. A., & Gavin, M. B. (2000). The application of hierarchical linear modeling to organizational research. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (pp. 467-511). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hogan, J., & Ones, D. S. (1997). Conscientiousness and integrity at work. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 849-870). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Hullet, C. R. (2005). The impact of mood on persuasion: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 32(4), 423-442.
Ilies, R., & Judge, T. A. (2002). Understanding the dynamic relationships among personality, mood, and job satisfaction: A field experience sampling study. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 1119-1139.
Isen, A. (1999). On the relationship between affect and creative problem solving. In S. W. Russ(Ed.), Affect, creative experience, and psychological adjustment(pp. 3-18). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
Isen, A. M., & Baron, R. A. (1991). Positive affect as a factor in organizations. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw(Eds.), Research in organizational behavior(pp. 1-52). JAI Press.
Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1206-1217.
Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. M., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985). The influence of positive affect: Implicit and explicit measures. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 43-63.
Jamison, K. R. (1995). Manic-depressive illness and creativity. Scientific American, 272, 62.
Judge, T. A., & Cable, D. M. (1997). Applicant personality, organizational culture, and Organizational attraction. Personnel Psychology, 50, 359-394.
Judge, T. A., & Ilies, R. (2004). Affect and job satisfaction: A study of their relationship at work and at home. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 661-673.
Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., & Barrick, M. R. (1999). The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 621-652.
Judge, T. A., Scott, B. A., & Ilies, R. (2006). Hostility, job attitudes, and workplace deviance: Test of a multilevel model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 126-138.
Kaufman, G., & Vosburg, S. K. (1997). Paradoxical effects of mood on creative problem solving. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 151-170.
Ludwig, A. M. (1992). Creative achievement and psychopathology: Comparison among professions. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 46, 330-356.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
Madjar, N., & Oldham, G. R. (2002). Preliminary tasks and creative performance on a subsequent task: Effects of time on preliminary tasks and amount of information about the subsequent task. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 239-251.
Madjar, N., Oldham, G. R., & Pratt, M. G. (2002). There’s no place like home? The contributions of work and nonwork creativity support to employees’ creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 757-767.
Martin, L. L. (2001). Moods don´t cause effects, people do: A mood as input look at mood effects. In L. L. Martin & G. L. Clore (Eds.), Mood and social cognition: Contrasting theories (pp. 135-157). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Martin, L. L., & Stoner, P. (1996). Mood as input: What we think about how we feel determines how we think. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feelings: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (pp. 279-301). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 317-326.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Conceptions and correlates of openness to experience. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 825-847). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr., P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509-516.
Mumford, M. D. (2003), Where have we been, where are we going? Taking stock in creativity research. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 107-120.
Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., & Congdon, R. T. (2002). Hierarchical linear modeling. Thousands Oaks: Sage.
Runco, M. A. (1994). Problem finding, problem solving and creativity. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Vosburg, S. K. (1998). The effects of positive and negative mood on divergent thinking performance. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 165-172.
Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3-30.
Salgado J. F. (2002). The Big Five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 117-125.
Simonton, D. K. (1999). Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity. NY: Oxford University Press.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 296-303.
Soldz, S., & Vaillant, G. E. (1999). The Big Five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(2), 208-232.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51, 677-688.
Tett, R. P., Jackson, D. N., & Rothstein, M. (1991). Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta‐analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 44(4), 703-742.
To, M. L., Fisher, C. D., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Rowe, P. A. (2012). Within-person relationships between mood and creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 599.
Verhaeghen, P., Joorman, J., & Khan, R. (2005). Why we sing the blues: the relation between self-reflective rumination, mood, and creativity. Emotion, 5(2), 226-232.
Walker, A. M., Koestner, R., & Hum, A. (1995). Personality correlates of depressive styles in autobiographies of creative achievers. Journal of Creative Behavior, 29, 75-94.
Ward, T. B., Finke, R. A., & Smith, S. M. (1995). Creativity and the mind: Discovering the genius within. New York: Plenum Press.
Weisberg, R. W. (1986). Creativity: Genius and other myths. New York: Freeman.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 293-321.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.
박주용 (2002). 창의성, 개인차를 보이는 하나의 인지적 기술인가? 인지과학, 13(4), 25- 41.
은영신, 유태용, 서학삼 (2012). 주도적 성격과 창의적 행동 간의 관계: 학습목표지향성의 매개효과와 자기 효능감, 조직풍토, 상사지원의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 25(3), 607-632.
장재윤 (2001). 연봉제 도입이 조직분위기, 조직구성원들의 내재적 동기 및 창의적인 행동에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 14(3), 25-55.
장재윤, 박영석 (2000). 창의적 작업환경 측정용 KEYS 척도의 타당화 연구: 한국 기업조직을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 13(1), 61-90.
Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 357-376.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings(Eds.), Research in organizational behavior(pp. 123-167). JAI Press.
Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context: Update to the social psychology of creativity. Colorado: Westview Press.
Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50, 367-403.
Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K. W., & Nijstad, B. A. (2008). A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood- creativity research: Hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychological Bulletin, 134, 779-806.
Baer, M., & Oldham, G. R. (2006). The curvilinear relation between experienced creative time pressure and creativity: Moderating effects of openness to experience and support for creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 963-970.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1991). The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis. Personnel psychology, 44(1), 1-26.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1993). Autonomy as a moderator of the relationship between the big five personality dimensions and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 111-118.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Struass, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representative: test of the mediating effects of goal setting, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 715-722.
Barsade, S. G., & Gibson, D. E. (2007). Why does affect matter in organizations? Academy of Management Perspectives, 21, 36-59.
Basalla, G. (1988). The evolution of technology. London: Cambridge University Press.
Binnewies, C., & Wornlein, S. C. (2011). What makes a creative day? A diary study on the interplay between affect, job stressors, and job control. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 589-607.
Boden, M. A. (1990). The creative mind: Myths and mechanisms. New York: Basic Brooks.
Campbell, D. T. (1960). Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review, 67, 380-400.
Carnevale, P. J., & Probst, T. M. (1998). Social values and social conflict in creative problem solving and categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1-13.
Colbert, A. E., Mount, M. K., Harter, J. K., Witt, L. A., & Barrick, M. R. (2004). Interactive effects of personality and perceptions of the work situation on workplace deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 599-609.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and individual differences, 13(6), 653-665.
Cullen, M. J., & Sackett, P. R. (2003). Personality and counterproductive workplace behavior. In M. R., Barrick, & A. M.,Ryan (Eds.), Personality and work (pp. 150-182). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Davis, M. A. (2009). Understanding the relationship between mood and creativity: A meta-analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108, 25-38.
Estrada, C. A., Isen, A. M., & Young, M. J. (1994). Positive affect improves creative problem solving and influences reported source of practice satisfaction in physicians. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 285-299.
Feist, G. J. (1999). Affect in artistic and scientific creativity. In S. W. Russ(Ed.), Affect, creative experience, and psychological adjustment(pp. 93-109). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
Fong, C. T. (2006). The effect of Emotional ambivalence on creativity. The Academy of Management Journal, 49(5), 1016-1030.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
Friedman, R. S., & Forster, J. (2008). Activation and measurement of motivational states. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (pp. 235-248). New York: Psychology Press.
Friedman, R. S., Forster, J., & Denzler, M. (2007). Interactive effects of mood and task framing on creative generation. Creativity Research Journal, 19, 141-162.
Frijda, N. H. (1993). Moods, emotion episode, and emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 381-403). New York: Guilford Press
Furnham, A., & Bachtiar, V. (2008). Personality and intelligence as predictors of creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(7), 613-617.
Furnham, A., Batey, M., Anand, K., & Manfield, J. (2008). Personality, hypomania, intelligence and creativity. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(5), 1060-1069.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2007). Dual tuning in a supportive context: joint contributions of positive mood, negative mood, and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal. 50(3), 605-622.
George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 687-697.
Goldberg, L. R. (1992). The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure. Psychological Assessment, 4, 26-42.
Goschke, T. (2006, June). Affective modulation of selective attention and background-monitoring. Invited talk presented in the Experimenteel Psychologische Onderzoekschool(EPOS) symposium, Affective modulation of cognitive performance. Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
Greene, T. R., & Noice, H. (1988). Influence of positive affect upon creative thinking and problem solving in children. Psychological Reports, 63, 895-898.
Hofmann, D. A., Griffin, M. A., & Gavin, M. B. (2000). The application of hierarchical linear modeling to organizational research. In K. J. Klein & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations (pp. 467-511). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hogan, J., & Ones, D. S. (1997). Conscientiousness and integrity at work. In R. Hogan, J. A. Johnson, & S. R. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 849-870). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Hullet, C. R. (2005). The impact of mood on persuasion: A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 32(4), 423-442.
Ilies, R., & Judge, T. A. (2002). Understanding the dynamic relationships among personality, mood, and job satisfaction: A field experience sampling study. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 89, 1119-1139.
Isen, A. (1999). On the relationship between affect and creative problem solving. In S. W. Russ(Ed.), Affect, creative experience, and psychological adjustment(pp. 3-18). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
Isen, A. M., & Baron, R. A. (1991). Positive affect as a factor in organizations. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw(Eds.), Research in organizational behavior(pp. 1-52). JAI Press.
Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1206-1217.
Isen, A. M., Johnson, M. M., Mertz, E., & Robinson, G. F. (1985). The influence of positive affect: Implicit and explicit measures. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 43-63.
Jamison, K. R. (1995). Manic-depressive illness and creativity. Scientific American, 272, 62.
Judge, T. A., & Cable, D. M. (1997). Applicant personality, organizational culture, and Organizational attraction. Personnel Psychology, 50, 359-394.
Judge, T. A., & Ilies, R. (2004). Affect and job satisfaction: A study of their relationship at work and at home. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 661-673.
Judge, T. A., Higgins, C. A., Thoresen, C. J., & Barrick, M. R. (1999). The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 621-652.
Judge, T. A., Scott, B. A., & Ilies, R. (2006). Hostility, job attitudes, and workplace deviance: Test of a multilevel model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 126-138.
Kaufman, G., & Vosburg, S. K. (1997). Paradoxical effects of mood on creative problem solving. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 151-170.
Ludwig, A. M. (1992). Creative achievement and psychopathology: Comparison among professions. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 46, 330-356.
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855.
Madjar, N., & Oldham, G. R. (2002). Preliminary tasks and creative performance on a subsequent task: Effects of time on preliminary tasks and amount of information about the subsequent task. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 239-251.
Madjar, N., Oldham, G. R., & Pratt, M. G. (2002). There’s no place like home? The contributions of work and nonwork creativity support to employees’ creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 757-767.
Martin, L. L. (2001). Moods don´t cause effects, people do: A mood as input look at mood effects. In L. L. Martin & G. L. Clore (Eds.), Mood and social cognition: Contrasting theories (pp. 135-157). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Martin, L. L., & Stoner, P. (1996). Mood as input: What we think about how we feel determines how we think. In L. L. Martin & A. Tesser (Eds.), Striving and feelings: Interactions among goals, affect, and self-regulation (pp. 279-301). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Martin, L. L., Ward, D. W., Achee, J. W., & Wyer, R. S. (1993). Mood as input: People have to interpret the motivational implications of their moods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 317-326.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (1997). Conceptions and correlates of openness to experience. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs (Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology (pp. 825-847). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa Jr., P. T. (1997). Personality trait structure as a human universal. American Psychologist, 52(5), 509-516.
Mumford, M. D. (2003), Where have we been, where are we going? Taking stock in creativity research. Creativity Research Journal, 14, 107-120.
Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., & Congdon, R. T. (2002). Hierarchical linear modeling. Thousands Oaks: Sage.
Runco, M. A. (1994). Problem finding, problem solving and creativity. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Vosburg, S. K. (1998). The effects of positive and negative mood on divergent thinking performance. Creativity Research Journal, 11, 165-172.
Russell, J. A., & Carroll, J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3-30.
Salgado J. F. (2002). The Big Five personality dimensions and counterproductive behaviors. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10, 117-125.
Simonton, D. K. (1999). Origins of genius: Darwinian perspectives on creativity. NY: Oxford University Press.
Schwarz, N., & Clore, G. (2003). Mood as information: 20 years later. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 296-303.
Soldz, S., & Vaillant, G. E. (1999). The Big Five personality traits and the life course: A 45-year longitudinal study. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(2), 208-232.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1996). Investing in creativity. American Psychologist, 51, 677-688.
Tett, R. P., Jackson, D. N., & Rothstein, M. (1991). Personality measures as predictors of job performance: A meta‐analytic review. Personnel Psychology, 44(4), 703-742.
To, M. L., Fisher, C. D., Ashkanasy, N. M., & Rowe, P. A. (2012). Within-person relationships between mood and creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 599.
Verhaeghen, P., Joorman, J., & Khan, R. (2005). Why we sing the blues: the relation between self-reflective rumination, mood, and creativity. Emotion, 5(2), 226-232.
Walker, A. M., Koestner, R., & Hum, A. (1995). Personality correlates of depressive styles in autobiographies of creative achievers. Journal of Creative Behavior, 29, 75-94.
Ward, T. B., Finke, R. A., & Smith, S. M. (1995). Creativity and the mind: Discovering the genius within. New York: Plenum Press.
Weisberg, R. W. (1986). Creativity: Genius and other myths. New York: Freeman.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 293-321.
Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.