A study on the predictive validity of conditional reasoning test for aggression Interaction effect with self-reported measures
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Nov 30, 2017
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the channeling model to investigate the interaction effect of implicit measure (Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression: CRT-A) and self-reported measure of aggression to predict helping behavior. Expatriates who were dispatched to China or India (N=101) participated in this study. To reduce the common method bias, their host country co-workers (N=320) evaluated the expatriates’ helping behavior as a behavioral criterion. The results showed that there was a significance difference in helping behavior among the expatriates who had high CRT-A scores. Specifically, latent aggressive individuals who consciously perceived themselves as being non-aggressive but implicitly rationalized their aggressive behavior were less likely to show helping behavior. The academic implications of the current study, along with suggestions for the future research, were discussed.
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Jeon, S., Chang, J., & Lee, H. (2017). A study on the predictive validity of conditional reasoning test for aggression: Interaction effect with self-reported measures. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 30(4), 541–562. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v30i4.541-562
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Empirical Articles
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References
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김민영 (2014). 수정 보완된 CRT-RMS의 한국 적용성 연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33, 591-610.
김민정, 이기학 (2014). 외현적, 암묵적 자존감과 분노 상황에 따른 공격성 차이 연구. 상담학연구, 15, 1343-1363.
이혜주 (2014). 공격성을 측정하는 조건추론검사와 자기보고형 검사와의 관계 이해를 위한 개관 연구: 분리모델(dissociation approach)을 바탕으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33, 417-443.
이혜주, 장재윤 (2012). 성취동기를 측정하는 조건추론검사의 비교문화적 일반화 가능성 연구: 한국 대학생들을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 31, 1059-1071.
홍승범, 문혜진, 장재윤 (2015). Cultural differences in the perception of a leader's anger expression. 2015년도 한국 산업 및 조직심리학회 추계 심포지엄 및 학술대회 발표 논문집, 19-30.
Adam, H., Shirako, A., & Maddux, W. W. (2010). Cultural variance in the interpersonal effects of anger in negotiations. Psychological Science, 21, 882-889.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1996). Effects of impression management and self-deception on the predictive validity of personality constructs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 261-272.
Baumeister, R. F., Dale, K., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian defense mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction formation, projection, displacement, undoing, isolation, sublimation, and denial. Journal of Personality, 66, 1081-1124.
Beech, B., & Leather, P. (2006). Workplace violence in the health care sector: A review of staff training and integration of training evaluation models. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 27-43.
Bergman, S. M., McIntyre, M. D., & James, L. R. (2004). Identifying the aggressive personality. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 4, 81-93.
Bing, M. N., LeBreton, J. M., Davison, H. K., Migetz, D. Z., & James, L. R. (2007). Integrating implicit and explicit social cognitions for enhanced personality assessment: A general framework for choosing measurement and statistical methods. Organizational Research Methods, 10, 346-389.
Bing, M. N., Stewart, S. M., Davison, H. K., Green, P. D., McIntyre, M. D., & James, L. R. (2007). An integrative typology of personality assessment for aggression: implications for predicting counterproductive workplace behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 722-744.
Bolton, L. R., Harvey, R. D., Grawitch, M. J., & Barber, L. K. (2012). Counterproductive work behaviours in response to emotional exhaustion: A moderated mediational approach. Stress and Health, 28, 222-233.
Brunstein, J. C., & Maier, G. W. (2005). Implicit and self-attributed motives to achieve: Two separate but interacting needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 205-222.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
Cox, D. L., Bruckner, K. H., & Stabb, S. D. (2003). The anger advantage: The surprising benefits of anger and how it can change a women's life. New York: Broadway Books.
Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Frost, B. C., Ko, C. H. E., & James, L. R. (2007). Implicit and explicit personality: a test of a channeling hypothesis for aggressive behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1299-1319.
Fry D. P. (2001). Is violence getting too much attention? Cross-cultural findings on the ways people deal with conflict. In J. M. Ramirez, D. S. Richardson (Eds.), Cross-cultural approaches to research on aggression and reconciliation (pp. 123-148). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Hawley, P. H., & Vaughn, B. E. (2003). Aggression and adaptive functioning: The bright side to bad behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 239-242.
Henry, P. J. (2009). Low-status compensation: A theory for understanding the role of status in cultures of honor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 451-466.
Hobfoll, S. E., & Shirom, A. (2000). Conservation of resources theory: Applications to stress and management in the workplace. In R. T. Golembiewski (Ed.), Handbook of organization behavior (2nd ed. pp. 57-81). New York: Dekker.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Janssens, M. (1995). Intercultural interaction: A burden on international managers? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 155-167.
James, L. R. (1998). Measurement of personality via conditional reasoning. Organizational research methods, 1, 131-163.
James, L. R., & LeBreton, J. M. (2011). Assessing the implicit personality through conditional reasoning. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
James, L. R., & Mazerolle, M. D. (2002). Personality in work organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
James, L. R., McIntyre, M. D., Glisson, C. A., Bowler, J. L, Mitchell, T. R. (2004). The conditional reasoning measurement for aggression. Human Performance, 17, 271-295.
James, L. R., McIntyre, M. D., Glisson, C. A., Green, P. D., Patton, T. W., LeBreton, J. M., ... & Williams, L. J. (2005). A conditional reasoning measure for aggression. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 69-99.
Kuhn, D. (1991). The skills of argument. Newyork: Cambridge University Press.
Lang, J. W., Zettler, I., Ewen, C., & Hülsheger, U. R. (2012). Implicit motives, explicit traits, and task and contextual performance at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 1201-1217.
LeBlanc, M. M., & Kelloway, E. K. (2002). Predictors and outcomes of workplace violence and aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 444-453.
LeBreton, J. M., Barksdale, C. D., Robin, J., & James, L. R. (2007). Measurement issues associated with conditional reasoning tests: indirect measurement and test faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1-16.
Lee, L. Y., & Sukoco, B. M. (2010). The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: The moderating effects of international experience. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 963-981.
Markus H. R., Ryff C. D., Curhan K. B., & Palmersheim K. A. (2004). In their own words: Well-being at midlife among high school-educated and college-educated adults. In O. R. Brim, C. D. Ryff, & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 273-319). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
McClelland, D. C. (1951). Personality. New York: Sloane.
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690- 702.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
Park, J., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Coe, C. L., Miyamoto, Y., Karasawa, M., & Ryff, C. D. (2013). Social status and anger expression: The cultural moderation hypothesis. Emotion, 13, 1122-1131.
Peek-Asa, C., & Howard, J. (1999). Workplace- violence investigations by the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, 1993-1996. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 41, 647-653.
Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2007). Emotions and counterproductive work behavior. In N. M. Ashkanasy & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Research companion to emotion in organizations (pp. 183-196). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 262-270.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 893-917
Schat, A. C., & Kelloway, E. K. (2005). Workplace aggression. In J. Barling, E. K. Kelloway, & M. R. Frone (Ed), Handbook of work stress (pp. 189-218). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420-428.
Stahl, G. K., & Caligiuri, P. (2005). The effectiveness of expatriate coping strategies: the moderating role of cultural distance, position level, and time on the international assignment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 603-615.
Stieger, S., & Burger, C. (2010). Implicit and explicit self-esteem in the context of internet addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 681-688.
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002). An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 655-666.
Taylor, T., & Risman, B. J. (2006). Doing deference or speaking up: Deconstructing the experience and expression of anger. Race, Gender & Class, 13, 60-80.
Tett, R. P., & Guterman, H. A. (2000). Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross- situational consistency: Testing a principle of trait activation. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 397-423.
Uhlmann, E. L., Leavitt, K., Menges, J. I., Koopman, J., Howe, M., & Johnson, R. E. (2012). Getting explicit about the implicit: A taxonomy of implicit measures and guide for their use in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 553-601.
Winter, D. G., John, O. P., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and motives: Toward an integration of two traditions in personality research. Psychological Review, 105, 230-250.
김민영 (2014). 수정 보완된 CRT-RMS의 한국 적용성 연구. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33, 591-610.
김민정, 이기학 (2014). 외현적, 암묵적 자존감과 분노 상황에 따른 공격성 차이 연구. 상담학연구, 15, 1343-1363.
이혜주 (2014). 공격성을 측정하는 조건추론검사와 자기보고형 검사와의 관계 이해를 위한 개관 연구: 분리모델(dissociation approach)을 바탕으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 33, 417-443.
이혜주, 장재윤 (2012). 성취동기를 측정하는 조건추론검사의 비교문화적 일반화 가능성 연구: 한국 대학생들을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 31, 1059-1071.
홍승범, 문혜진, 장재윤 (2015). Cultural differences in the perception of a leader's anger expression. 2015년도 한국 산업 및 조직심리학회 추계 심포지엄 및 학술대회 발표 논문집, 19-30.
Adam, H., Shirako, A., & Maddux, W. W. (2010). Cultural variance in the interpersonal effects of anger in negotiations. Psychological Science, 21, 882-889.
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (1996). Effects of impression management and self-deception on the predictive validity of personality constructs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 261-272.
Baumeister, R. F., Dale, K., & Sommer, K. L. (1998). Freudian defense mechanisms and empirical findings in modern social psychology: Reaction formation, projection, displacement, undoing, isolation, sublimation, and denial. Journal of Personality, 66, 1081-1124.
Beech, B., & Leather, P. (2006). Workplace violence in the health care sector: A review of staff training and integration of training evaluation models. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 27-43.
Bergman, S. M., McIntyre, M. D., & James, L. R. (2004). Identifying the aggressive personality. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 4, 81-93.
Bing, M. N., LeBreton, J. M., Davison, H. K., Migetz, D. Z., & James, L. R. (2007). Integrating implicit and explicit social cognitions for enhanced personality assessment: A general framework for choosing measurement and statistical methods. Organizational Research Methods, 10, 346-389.
Bing, M. N., Stewart, S. M., Davison, H. K., Green, P. D., McIntyre, M. D., & James, L. R. (2007). An integrative typology of personality assessment for aggression: implications for predicting counterproductive workplace behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 722-744.
Bolton, L. R., Harvey, R. D., Grawitch, M. J., & Barber, L. K. (2012). Counterproductive work behaviours in response to emotional exhaustion: A moderated mediational approach. Stress and Health, 28, 222-233.
Brunstein, J. C., & Maier, G. W. (2005). Implicit and self-attributed motives to achieve: Two separate but interacting needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 205-222.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459.
Cox, D. L., Bruckner, K. H., & Stabb, S. D. (2003). The anger advantage: The surprising benefits of anger and how it can change a women's life. New York: Broadway Books.
Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Frost, B. C., Ko, C. H. E., & James, L. R. (2007). Implicit and explicit personality: a test of a channeling hypothesis for aggressive behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1299-1319.
Fry D. P. (2001). Is violence getting too much attention? Cross-cultural findings on the ways people deal with conflict. In J. M. Ramirez, D. S. Richardson (Eds.), Cross-cultural approaches to research on aggression and reconciliation (pp. 123-148). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Hawley, P. H., & Vaughn, B. E. (2003). Aggression and adaptive functioning: The bright side to bad behavior. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 239-242.
Henry, P. J. (2009). Low-status compensation: A theory for understanding the role of status in cultures of honor. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 451-466.
Hobfoll, S. E., & Shirom, A. (2000). Conservation of resources theory: Applications to stress and management in the workplace. In R. T. Golembiewski (Ed.), Handbook of organization behavior (2nd ed. pp. 57-81). New York: Dekker.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Janssens, M. (1995). Intercultural interaction: A burden on international managers? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 155-167.
James, L. R. (1998). Measurement of personality via conditional reasoning. Organizational research methods, 1, 131-163.
James, L. R., & LeBreton, J. M. (2011). Assessing the implicit personality through conditional reasoning. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
James, L. R., & Mazerolle, M. D. (2002). Personality in work organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
James, L. R., McIntyre, M. D., Glisson, C. A., Bowler, J. L, Mitchell, T. R. (2004). The conditional reasoning measurement for aggression. Human Performance, 17, 271-295.
James, L. R., McIntyre, M. D., Glisson, C. A., Green, P. D., Patton, T. W., LeBreton, J. M., ... & Williams, L. J. (2005). A conditional reasoning measure for aggression. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 69-99.
Kuhn, D. (1991). The skills of argument. Newyork: Cambridge University Press.
Lang, J. W., Zettler, I., Ewen, C., & Hülsheger, U. R. (2012). Implicit motives, explicit traits, and task and contextual performance at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 1201-1217.
LeBlanc, M. M., & Kelloway, E. K. (2002). Predictors and outcomes of workplace violence and aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 444-453.
LeBreton, J. M., Barksdale, C. D., Robin, J., & James, L. R. (2007). Measurement issues associated with conditional reasoning tests: indirect measurement and test faking. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1-16.
Lee, L. Y., & Sukoco, B. M. (2010). The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: The moderating effects of international experience. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21, 963-981.
Markus H. R., Ryff C. D., Curhan K. B., & Palmersheim K. A. (2004). In their own words: Well-being at midlife among high school-educated and college-educated adults. In O. R. Brim, C. D. Ryff, & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 273-319). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
McClelland, D. C. (1951). Personality. New York: Sloane.
McClelland, D. C., Koestner, R., & Weinberger, J. (1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690- 702.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
Park, J., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., Coe, C. L., Miyamoto, Y., Karasawa, M., & Ryff, C. D. (2013). Social status and anger expression: The cultural moderation hypothesis. Emotion, 13, 1122-1131.
Peek-Asa, C., & Howard, J. (1999). Workplace- violence investigations by the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health, 1993-1996. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 41, 647-653.
Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2007). Emotions and counterproductive work behavior. In N. M. Ashkanasy & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Research companion to emotion in organizations (pp. 183-196). Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Podsakoff, P. M., Ahearne, M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior and the quantity and quality of work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 262-270.
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Van Rhenen, W. (2009). How changes in job demands and resources predict burnout, work engagement, and sickness absenteeism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 893-917
Schat, A. C., & Kelloway, E. K. (2005). Workplace aggression. In J. Barling, E. K. Kelloway, & M. R. Frone (Ed), Handbook of work stress (pp. 189-218). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420-428.
Stahl, G. K., & Caligiuri, P. (2005). The effectiveness of expatriate coping strategies: the moderating role of cultural distance, position level, and time on the international assignment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 603-615.
Stieger, S., & Burger, C. (2010). Implicit and explicit self-esteem in the context of internet addiction. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13, 681-688.
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002). An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 655-666.
Taylor, T., & Risman, B. J. (2006). Doing deference or speaking up: Deconstructing the experience and expression of anger. Race, Gender & Class, 13, 60-80.
Tett, R. P., & Guterman, H. A. (2000). Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross- situational consistency: Testing a principle of trait activation. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 397-423.
Uhlmann, E. L., Leavitt, K., Menges, J. I., Koopman, J., Howe, M., & Johnson, R. E. (2012). Getting explicit about the implicit: A taxonomy of implicit measures and guide for their use in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 553-601.
Winter, D. G., John, O. P., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and motives: Toward an integration of two traditions in personality research. Psychological Review, 105, 230-250.