The Five-Factor Model of Workplace Spirituality A conceptualization and scale development
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May 31, 2014
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Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to propose comprehensive conceptual model of workplace spirituality(WS) and to develp a scale that can measure the WS. In study 1, the five-factor model of WS was proposed, and 39 items were developed for constructing workplace spirituality index(WSI) scale. The 5-factor model of WS included the followings: 1) ‘a sense of inner life’ toward oneself, 2) ‘a sense of calling’ toward one's work, 3) ‘a sense of empathy’ toward one's colleagues, 4) ‘a sense of community’ toward on's organization, and 5) ‘a sense of transcendence’ above and beyond one's ego. A sample of 239 participants from six global companies completed the scale, and an exploratory factor analysis showed 5 factor structure, and 23 items were selected to constuct a final WSI scale. In study 2, a cross-validation study was conducted with a sample of 161 participants. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated a satisfactory fit for the 5-factor model of WS, and a secondary factor analysis revealed that the five factors were well converged into the higher factor of the whole WS. In study 3, a discriminant validation study was conducted with a sample of 400 employees to show a discriminant validity between WS and subjective well-being (SWB), quality of working life (QWL), and perceived value of work (PVW). The results showed that WS was a different construct with the above related concepts. Finally, theoretical and practical implications were discussed, and limitations and future suggestions were described.
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Roh, S., & Suh, Y. (2014). The Five-Factor Model of Workplace Spirituality: A conceptualization and scale development. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 27(2), 419–447. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v27i2.419-447
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Empirical Articles
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References
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서용원, 오동근, 이영석, & 김명언 (2004). 일가치감 및 그 결정요인의 척도개발 및 타당화. 산업심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 17(2), 187-221.
오동근 (2004). 일가치감이 직무효과성에 미치는 영향. 산업심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 17(3), 375-399.
유규창, 서재현, 김종인 (2010). Workplace Spirituality의 개념적 정의와 모델. 인사조직연구, 18(4), 153-199.
이순묵 (2000). 요인분석의 기초. 서울: 교육과학사.
Aldag, R. J., & Brief, A. P. (1977). Age, work values and employee reactions. Industrial Gerontology, 4, 192-197.
Ali, A. J., & Falcone, T. (1995). “Work Ethic in the USA and Canada.” Journal of Management Development 14, no. 6:26-33.
Allport, G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion. New York: Macmillan.
Allport, G. W., Vernon, P. E., & Lindsey, G. (1951). Study of values: Manual of directions. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Andrew, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social Indicators of Well-being. NewYork: Plenum Press.
Ashforth, B. E., & Pratt, M. G. (2003). Institutionalized Spirituality: An Oxymoron? In Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance, ed. R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz, 93-107. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Ashar, H., & Lane-Maher, M. (2004). Success and Spirituality in the New Business Paradigm. Journal of Management Inquiry 13: 249.
Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualisation and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134- 145.
Barrett, R. (1998). Liberating the corporate soul. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Beutler, L. E., & Clarkin, J. (1990). Systematic treatment selection: To-ward targeted therapeutic interventions. New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
Beyer, J. M. (1999). Culture, meaning and belonging at work. Paper presented at the Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL.
Bolman, L. G., & Deal., T. E. (1995). Leading with soul. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago. Aldine.
Briskin, A. (1996). The stirring of soul in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cacioppe, R. (2000). Creating spirit at work: re-visioning organization development and leadership. The Leadership & Organization Development Journal 21/1 [2000] 48-54.
Campbell, A. Converse, P. E., & Rogers, W. L. (1976). The Quality of American Life: Perceptions, Evaluations, and Satisfactions, New York, Russell Sage.
Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concern, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press.
Cash, K. C., & Gray, G. R., (2000). “A Framework for Accommodating Religion and Spirituality in the Workplace.” Academy of Management Executive 14, no. 3: 124-134.
Chernce, A. (1975). Perspective on the Quality Working Life, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 48.
Ciancutti, A., & Steding, T. (2000). Trust fund. Business 2.0, p.105-116
Conger, J. A. (1994). Spirit at Work: Discovering the Spirituality in Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). “Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis.” Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Crumbaugh, J. (1968). Cross-Validation of Purpose in Life Test. Journal of Individual Psychology 24, 74-81.
Daniels, M. (2001). Maslows's concept of self- actualization. Retrieved February 2004.
Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 105- 115.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being, Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
Duchon, D., & Plowman, D. A. (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 807-833.
Dukles, M. M., Dukles, R., & Maccoby, M. (1977). The process of Change at Bolivar. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, p.389.
Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Towards a humanistic- phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, 5-18.
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The leadership Quarterly, 14, 693- 727.
Fry, L. W., & Slocum, J. (2008). Maximizing the triple bottom line through spiritual leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 37, 86-96.
Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S. V., & Cedillo, M. (2005), Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 693- 727.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin b. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed., Prentice-Hall International., Inc.
Harman, W. (1992). 21st century business: A background for dialogue. IN J. renesch (Ed), New tradition in business: Spirit and leadership in the 21st century (pp.11-24). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Herzberg, F., Meusner, B., & Synderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work(2nd.). New York: Wiley.
Howden, J. W. (1992). Development and psychometric characteristics of the spirituality assessment scale. Dissertation Abstracts International. 54(01), 166B.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving: When we are glad, we feel as if the light has increased. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1122- 1131.
Jackson, K. T. (1999). “Spirituality As a Foundation for Freedom and Creative Imagination in International Business Ethics”. Journal of Business Ethics 19, no. 1:61-70.
Jung, C. G. (1933). Modern man in a search of soul (W. S. Dell & C. F. Baynes, Trans.) New York: Hartcourt.
Kinjerski, V. M., & Skrypnek, B. J. (2006). Measuring the Intangible: Development of the spirit at work scale. Paper presented at the sixty-fifth annual meeting of the academy of management, in Atlanta, USA.
Kolodinsky, W. R., Giacalone, A. R., & Jurkiewicz, L. C. (2008). Workplace Values and Outcomes: Exploring Personal, Organizational, and Interactive Workplace Spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics. 81, 465-480.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Levering, R. (2000). A great place to work; What makes some employers so good(and most so bad). San Francisco: A great place to work institute.
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Religions, values, and peak experiences. New York: Viking.
Maslow, A. H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Viking.
McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1990). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales
Mitroff, I. I., & Denton, E. A. (1999b, Summer). A study of spirituality in the workplace. Sloan Management Review, 40(4), 83-92.
Mitroff, I. I., & Mitroff. D. (2006). Consciousness: “All of Us Are Spiritual Beings.” Business Renaissance Quarterly. Pasadena: Spring 2006. Vol. 1, Iss.1; p.21.
Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4).
Mirvis, P. H. (1997). Soul work in organizations. Organization Science, 8(2), 193-206.
Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is Happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10-19.
Neal, J. (1997). “Spirituality in management education: a guide to resources”, Journal of Management Education, 21(1), pp.121-140.
Okun, M. A. (1987). Life Satisfaction. In G. L. Maddox (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Aging, (pp. 399-401). New York: Springer.
Parboteeah, K. P., & Cullen, J. B. (2002). Ethical Climates And Spirituality: An Exploratory Examination of Theoretical Links. In Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance, ed. R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz, 137-51. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Petchsawang, P., & Duchon, D. (2009). Measuring workplace spirituality in an Asian context. Human Resource Development International., 12(4), September, 459-468.
Pierce, J. L., Garder, D. G., Cummings, L. L., & Dunham, R. B. (1989). Organizational-based self-esteem: construct definition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal., 1989, 32(3), 622-648.
Ping, Jr. R. (2004). On Assuring Valid Measures for Theoretical Models Using Survey Data, Journal of Business Research, 57, pp.125-141.
Popper, Karl (1963). Conjectures and refutations. Routledge. London.
Rubina Mahsud, Gary Yukl, & Greg Prussia. (2010). Leader empathy, ethical leadership, and relations- oriented behaviors as antecedents of leader-member exchange quality (LMX). Journal of managerial Psychology, 25(6), 2010.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
Sanford, C. (1992). A self-organizing leadership view of paradigms. In J. Renesch (Ed), New tradition in business: Spirit and leadership in the 21st century (pp.193-208). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Sartre, J. P. (1946). L'existentialisme est un Humanisme, Editions Nagel, Paris, 1946 ISBN 2-07-032913-5 (1996 ed., Gallimard).
Sartre, J. P. (1996). 실존주의는 휴머니즘이다[L'existentialisme est un humanisme (Gallimard)]. (박정태 역, 2008). 이학사.
Schellenbarger, S. (2000). “More Relaxed Boomers, Fewer Workplace Frills and Other Job Trends.” Wall Street Journal., December 27, B-1.
Seaward, B. L. (1997). Stand Like Mountain Flow Like Water: Reflections on Stress and Human Spirituality. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health communications.
Sirgy, M. Josept, David Efraty, Philli Siegel, & Dong-Jin Lee. (2001). [QWL] “A New Measure of Quality of Work Life(QWL) Based on Need Satisfaction and Spillover Theories”. Social Indicators Research 55: 241-302.
Thompson, C. M. (2000). The congruent life: Following the inward path of fulfilling work and inspired leadership. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
Thompson, J. W. (1992). Corporate leadership in the 21st century. In J. Renesch (Ed.), New tradition in business: Spirit and leadership in the 21st century (pp.209-224). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Vaill, P. (1998). Spirited leading and learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Walton, R. E. (1973). “Quality of Working Life: What is it?” Sloan Management Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Fall.
Wheat, L. W. (1991). Development of a scale for the measurement of human spirituality. Dissertation Abstracts International., 52-09A, 3230.
서용원, 오동근, 이영석, & 김명언 (2004). 일가치감 및 그 결정요인의 척도개발 및 타당화. 산업심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 17(2), 187-221.
오동근 (2004). 일가치감이 직무효과성에 미치는 영향. 산업심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 17(3), 375-399.
유규창, 서재현, 김종인 (2010). Workplace Spirituality의 개념적 정의와 모델. 인사조직연구, 18(4), 153-199.
이순묵 (2000). 요인분석의 기초. 서울: 교육과학사.
Aldag, R. J., & Brief, A. P. (1977). Age, work values and employee reactions. Industrial Gerontology, 4, 192-197.
Ali, A. J., & Falcone, T. (1995). “Work Ethic in the USA and Canada.” Journal of Management Development 14, no. 6:26-33.
Allport, G. W. (1950). The individual and his religion. New York: Macmillan.
Allport, G. W., Vernon, P. E., & Lindsey, G. (1951). Study of values: Manual of directions. Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Andrew, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social Indicators of Well-being. NewYork: Plenum Press.
Ashforth, B. E., & Pratt, M. G. (2003). Institutionalized Spirituality: An Oxymoron? In Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance, ed. R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz, 93-107. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Ashar, H., & Lane-Maher, M. (2004). Success and Spirituality in the New Business Paradigm. Journal of Management Inquiry 13: 249.
Ashmos, D. P., & Duchon, D. (2000). Spirituality at work: A conceptualisation and measure. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9(2), 134- 145.
Barrett, R. (1998). Liberating the corporate soul. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Beutler, L. E., & Clarkin, J. (1990). Systematic treatment selection: To-ward targeted therapeutic interventions. New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
Beyer, J. M. (1999). Culture, meaning and belonging at work. Paper presented at the Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Chicago, IL.
Bolman, L. G., & Deal., T. E. (1995). Leading with soul. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago. Aldine.
Briskin, A. (1996). The stirring of soul in the workplace. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Cacioppe, R. (2000). Creating spirit at work: re-visioning organization development and leadership. The Leadership & Organization Development Journal 21/1 [2000] 48-54.
Campbell, A. Converse, P. E., & Rogers, W. L. (1976). The Quality of American Life: Perceptions, Evaluations, and Satisfactions, New York, Russell Sage.
Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concern, New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press.
Cash, K. C., & Gray, G. R., (2000). “A Framework for Accommodating Religion and Spirituality in the Workplace.” Academy of Management Executive 14, no. 3: 124-134.
Chernce, A. (1975). Perspective on the Quality Working Life, Journal of Occupational Psychology, Vol. 48.
Ciancutti, A., & Steding, T. (2000). Trust fund. Business 2.0, p.105-116
Conger, J. A. (1994). Spirit at Work: Discovering the Spirituality in Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. W. (2005). “Best Practices in Exploratory Factor Analysis: Four Recommendations for Getting the Most From Your Analysis.” Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
Crumbaugh, J. (1968). Cross-Validation of Purpose in Life Test. Journal of Individual Psychology 24, 74-81.
Daniels, M. (2001). Maslows's concept of self- actualization. Retrieved February 2004.
Deci, E. L. (1971). Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 105- 115.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being, Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542-575.
Diener, E. (1994). Assessing subjective well-being: Progress and opportunities. Social Indicators Research, 31, 103-157.
Duchon, D., & Plowman, D. A. (2005). Nurturing the spirit at work: Impact on work unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 807-833.
Dukles, M. M., Dukles, R., & Maccoby, M. (1977). The process of Change at Bolivar. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, p.389.
Elkins, D. N., Hedstrom, L. J., Hughes, L. L., Leaf, J. A., & Saunders, C. (1988). Towards a humanistic- phenomenological spirituality: Definition, description, and measurement. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, 5-18.
Fry, L. W. (2003). Toward a theory of spiritual leadership. The leadership Quarterly, 14, 693- 727.
Fry, L. W., & Slocum, J. (2008). Maximizing the triple bottom line through spiritual leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 37, 86-96.
Fry, L. W., Vitucci, S. V., & Cedillo, M. (2005), Spiritual leadership and army transformation: Theory, measurement, and establishing a baseline. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 693- 727.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin b. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed., Prentice-Hall International., Inc.
Harman, W. (1992). 21st century business: A background for dialogue. IN J. renesch (Ed), New tradition in business: Spirit and leadership in the 21st century (pp.11-24). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Herzberg, F., Meusner, B., & Synderman, B. (1959). The motivation to work(2nd.). New York: Wiley.
Howden, J. W. (1992). Development and psychometric characteristics of the spirituality assessment scale. Dissertation Abstracts International. 54(01), 166B.
Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving: When we are glad, we feel as if the light has increased. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1122- 1131.
Jackson, K. T. (1999). “Spirituality As a Foundation for Freedom and Creative Imagination in International Business Ethics”. Journal of Business Ethics 19, no. 1:61-70.
Jung, C. G. (1933). Modern man in a search of soul (W. S. Dell & C. F. Baynes, Trans.) New York: Hartcourt.
Kinjerski, V. M., & Skrypnek, B. J. (2006). Measuring the Intangible: Development of the spirit at work scale. Paper presented at the sixty-fifth annual meeting of the academy of management, in Atlanta, USA.
Kolodinsky, W. R., Giacalone, A. R., & Jurkiewicz, L. C. (2008). Workplace Values and Outcomes: Exploring Personal, Organizational, and Interactive Workplace Spirituality. Journal of Business Ethics. 81, 465-480.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Levering, R. (2000). A great place to work; What makes some employers so good(and most so bad). San Francisco: A great place to work institute.
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Religions, values, and peak experiences. New York: Viking.
Maslow, A. H. (1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Viking.
McDowell, I., & Newell, C. (1990). Measuring health: A guide to rating scales
Mitroff, I. I., & Denton, E. A. (1999b, Summer). A study of spirituality in the workplace. Sloan Management Review, 40(4), 83-92.
Mitroff, I. I., & Mitroff. D. (2006). Consciousness: “All of Us Are Spiritual Beings.” Business Renaissance Quarterly. Pasadena: Spring 2006. Vol. 1, Iss.1; p.21.
Milliman, J., Czaplewski, A., & Ferguson, J. (2003). Workplace spirituality and employee work attitudes. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 16(4).
Mirvis, P. H. (1997). Soul work in organizations. Organization Science, 8(2), 193-206.
Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is Happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10-19.
Neal, J. (1997). “Spirituality in management education: a guide to resources”, Journal of Management Education, 21(1), pp.121-140.
Okun, M. A. (1987). Life Satisfaction. In G. L. Maddox (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Aging, (pp. 399-401). New York: Springer.
Parboteeah, K. P., & Cullen, J. B. (2002). Ethical Climates And Spirituality: An Exploratory Examination of Theoretical Links. In Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance, ed. R. A. Giacalone and C. L. Jurkiewicz, 137-51. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
Petchsawang, P., & Duchon, D. (2009). Measuring workplace spirituality in an Asian context. Human Resource Development International., 12(4), September, 459-468.
Pierce, J. L., Garder, D. G., Cummings, L. L., & Dunham, R. B. (1989). Organizational-based self-esteem: construct definition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal., 1989, 32(3), 622-648.
Ping, Jr. R. (2004). On Assuring Valid Measures for Theoretical Models Using Survey Data, Journal of Business Research, 57, pp.125-141.
Popper, Karl (1963). Conjectures and refutations. Routledge. London.
Rubina Mahsud, Gary Yukl, & Greg Prussia. (2010). Leader empathy, ethical leadership, and relations- oriented behaviors as antecedents of leader-member exchange quality (LMX). Journal of managerial Psychology, 25(6), 2010.
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.
Sanford, C. (1992). A self-organizing leadership view of paradigms. In J. Renesch (Ed), New tradition in business: Spirit and leadership in the 21st century (pp.193-208). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Sartre, J. P. (1946). L'existentialisme est un Humanisme, Editions Nagel, Paris, 1946 ISBN 2-07-032913-5 (1996 ed., Gallimard).
Sartre, J. P. (1996). 실존주의는 휴머니즘이다[L'existentialisme est un humanisme (Gallimard)]. (박정태 역, 2008). 이학사.
Schellenbarger, S. (2000). “More Relaxed Boomers, Fewer Workplace Frills and Other Job Trends.” Wall Street Journal., December 27, B-1.
Seaward, B. L. (1997). Stand Like Mountain Flow Like Water: Reflections on Stress and Human Spirituality. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health communications.
Sirgy, M. Josept, David Efraty, Philli Siegel, & Dong-Jin Lee. (2001). [QWL] “A New Measure of Quality of Work Life(QWL) Based on Need Satisfaction and Spillover Theories”. Social Indicators Research 55: 241-302.
Thompson, C. M. (2000). The congruent life: Following the inward path of fulfilling work and inspired leadership. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass.
Thompson, J. W. (1992). Corporate leadership in the 21st century. In J. Renesch (Ed.), New tradition in business: Spirit and leadership in the 21st century (pp.209-224). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Vaill, P. (1998). Spirited leading and learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Walton, R. E. (1973). “Quality of Working Life: What is it?” Sloan Management Review, Vol. 15, No. 1, Fall.
Wheat, L. W. (1991). Development of a scale for the measurement of human spirituality. Dissertation Abstracts International., 52-09A, 3230.