Development and validity of the communication competence scale of middle managers
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study was intended to develop the communication competence scale for the middle manager in organizations and examine its validity. To develop the communication competence scale of middle managers, first, 632 items extracted through literature review, expert interviews, and open surveys for middle managers. In the process of developing the items, it found that there were differences in competencies between communication with superiors and communication with subordinates. Thus it was decided to develop two different scales for each of middle managers’ communication competencies with superior and communication competencies with the subordinate. Based on experts’ evaluations on the content validity of the items, 81 items for the communication competencies with superior and 78 items for the communication competencies with subordinates were selected. In the first preliminary survey obtained from 338 middle managers, ten factors and 69 items selected for the communication competencies with superior and eight factors, and 54 items obtained for the communication competencies with the subordinate. In the second preliminary survey obtained from 206 middle managers, eight factors, and 64 items for the communication competencies with superior and seven factors and 45 items for the communication competencies with subordinates obtained. The total sample was divided into two groups to check the scale validity. Exploratory factor analyses conducted for group 1 then a confirmatory factor analysis conducted for the other group. The results showed that the exploratory factor analysis extracted 8 factors (persuasion, self-confidence, manner, listening, honesty, confirm, logicality, wisdom) and 52 items for the communication competencies with superior, and 7 factors (listening, humor, emotion regulation, modesty, non-verbal expression, consideration, clarity) and 37 items for the communication competencies with subordinate. In the confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling, the models fit the data well. Also, the communication competencies of the middle manager significantly correlated with the criterion variables such as interpersonal relationship competencies and conflict management and confirming the criterion-related validity of the scale. Finally, implications, limitations, and directions for future research discussed.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
An, B. S. (2001). Intermediate manager's role. Journal of Korean society of hospital pharmacists, 18(3), 311-316. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A40020774
Bae, B. R. (2011). Structural equation modeling with Amos 19. Seoul: Cheong-lam. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=M12483084
Barry, G. S. (1965). Communication and language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Macdonald & Co.
Cheong, M. J., Won, H, W., Chae, E. Y. (2017). Organizational communication scale development & validation. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 17(9), 418-425. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2017.17.09.418
Choi, E. Y. (2004). The effects of a communication skills group on high school students' self-concept and communication ability (Kosin University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T9778724
Robert G. J. (1968). Human communication theory: Original essays. Edited by Frank E. X. Dance. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/46.4.560 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/46.4.560
Downs, C. W., & Hazen, M. D. (1977). A factor analytic study of communication satisfaction. Journal of Communication, 14(3), 63. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/002194367701400306 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/002194367701400306
Duran, R. L. (1983). Communicative adaptability: A measure of social communicative competence. Communication Quarterly, 31(4), 320-326. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378309369521 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01463378309369521
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Empathy and sympathy. Handbook of emotion. New York: Guilford.
Harvard Business School Press. (2008) Manager's toolkit. Seoul: woongjlnwings Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=M11204227
Han, N. L. (2009). Interpersonal Competence and Cognitive/Behavioral Responses in a Conflict Situation (Yonsei University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11926101
Han, T. Y. (2013). The effects of burnout on conflict management: The mediation effects from inauthenticity and communication competency and the moderation effects of gender & job. Journal of Organization and Management, 37(2), 75-103. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A99640179
Hwang, S. J. (2006). Communication. Seoul: Bobmunsa. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=M10641712
Hur, K. H. (2003). Construction and validation of a global interpersonal communication competence scale. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies, 47(6), 380-408. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A76210199
Jang, H. Y. (2002). Research trends and tasks in organizational communication. Press and Information, 8, 33-63. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A60164423
Jang, H. S. (2003). The effects of interactants perceived conflict management strategies and communication competence on relational outcomes (Kyunghee University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T9583588
Jang, H. S., Hur, G. H. (2005). Construction and validation of a speech communication competence scale measured by observers. Korean Journal of Broadcasting and Telecommunication Studies, 19(1), 178-217. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A76338605
Jeon, I. S. (2004). A study on teaching method for improving speech capability based on learning by self-regulation (Seoul National University of Education). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T9181688
Johnson, B. M. (1977). Communication: The process of organizing. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Katz, A., & Kahn, R. (1978). The social psychology of organizations. NY: John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/85f7/dadae6fc51905bd314871b7458cf0f5bade1.pdf
Kim, Y. H. (2007). A study of the effect that the leadership of the police-intermediate- administrators has on the performance of the organization (Keimyung University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T11225572
Kim, Y. O. (2006). Critical review of the contents of public speaking education contents. Korean Education, 72, 5-26. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A104780741
Kim, C. S. (2016). A study on the effect of official middle manager's transformational leadership to job performance: Focusing on mediating effect of communication ability and problem-solving ability (Baekseok University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T14182939
Kwon, Y. M., & Kim, J. S. (2009). Effect of the communication skill of organization on their job performance. The Journal of Digital Policy & Management, 7(4), 141-148. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A77001729
Lee, S. Y. (2006). Study on the speech capability and self-esteem (Hanyoung Theological University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T10911891
Lim, C. S. (1997). A study on the direction of the education of speech communication. Korean Language Education, 94, 77-99. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A3250419
Lewis, P. V. (1987). Organizational communication: The essence of effective management. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Light, J. (1997). Communication is the essence of human life; reflections on communicative competence. Augmentative & Alternative Communication, 13(2), 61-70. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/07434619712331277848 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07434619712331277848
McCroskey, J. C., & McCroskey, L. (1988). Self-report as an approach to measuring communication competence. Communication Research Reports, 5(2), 108-113. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/08824098809359810 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08824098809359810
Nam, K. J., Kim, J. H. (2010). The developing and validation of communication ability scale. The Journal of Creativity Education, 10(1), 85-109. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A82593487
Oh, D. B. (1994). Organizational Communication. Seoul: Seoul National University Press. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=M36600
Oh, J. L. (2013). The development of the psychological empowerment scale for middle managers in organizations. Korea Journal of Counseling, 14(3), 1795-1815. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.14.3.201306.1795 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.14.3.201306.1795
Park, G. S. (2012). Development and validation of assessment scale for coaching skills of middle manager (Ajou University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12859237
Park, H. I. (2011). An exploratory study of sub-dimensions of Korean communication style (Kyunghee University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12321664
Roberts, K. H., & O' Reilly, C. A. (1974). Measuring organizational communication. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(3), 321-326. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036660 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036660
Planty, E. & Machaver, W. (1950). Upward communications: A project in executive development. Personnel, 28, 304-318.
Rogers, E. M., & Agarwala-Rogers, B. (1976). Communication in organizations. NY: The FreePress.
Rubin, R. B., Martin, M. M., Bruning, S. S., & Power, D. E. (1993). Test of a self‐efficacy model of interpersonal communication competence. Communication Quarterly, 41(2), 210-220. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/ 01463379309369880 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01463379309369880
Sapir, Edward. (1935). Communication. In Encyclopedia of the Social Science. (4th ed.), (pp. 78-80). New York: Macmillan Co.
Son, Y. H. (2016). An exploratory study for development of tools to measure university students’ communication competence. Journal of Speech, Media & Communication Association, 15(1), 83-107. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A101896024
Song, G. H. (2013). The effect of employee's communication competence and communication satisfaction on job satisfaction (Kangnam University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T13748283
Shin, H. J., Kang, Y. M. (2010). Development and dalidation of the couple communication inventory(CCI). Journal of Social Sciences, 16(2), 269-287. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=A87019201
Tak, J. K. (2007). Psychological testing: Understanding development and evaluation methods. Seoul: Hakjisa. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=M10852634
Tak, H. S., Lim, E. J. (2015). Communication & speech. Seoul: Thaehaksa. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=M13733891
Thayer, L. O. (1961). Administrative communication. (3rd ed.), Homewood: Richard D, Irwin.
Thomas, K. W., Kilmann, R. H. (1975). Interpersonal conflict handing behavior as reflection of jungian personality dimensions. Psychological Report, 37(3), 971-980. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1975.37.3.971 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1975.37.3.971
Weaver, Warren. (1949). Recent contributions to the mathematical theory of communication. In Claude E. Shannon and Warren Weaver (Eds.), The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Chicago: University of Illinois.
Wiemann, J. M. (1977). Explication and test of a model of communicative competence. Human Communication Research, 3(3), 195-213. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00518.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00518.x
Yoo, S. W. (2003). Corporation's employee relations and internal communication affects the efficiency of work and the achievement of corporate goals (Sogang University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T8715302
Yoon, Y. S. (2011). A study on the effects of leadership types of middle manager on organization performance: A focus on IT corporation (Yonsei University). Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T12417574
Maeil Business Newspaper. (2016. 6. 24). Even if you're introverted, you can be Steve Jobs