Development and Validity of the Coaching Leadership Scale
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Feb 28, 2011
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop the coaching leadership scale and to examine the validity of the scale and the effect of coaching leadership on organizational attitude. 125 preliminary items and 8 factors of the coaching leadership scale were obtained based on contents analyses of relevant articles, focus group interview, executive coach interviews, and open questionnaires. I used an on-line survey to collect data. The initial coaching leadership scale was distributed to 293 employees for the first sample and 200 employees for the second sample. Results of exploratory factor analyses of the scale showed that the four factor solution with 38 items fit the data best. To test the validity of the scale, the questionnaire was distributed to 600 employees who were working in various types of companies. In order to check cross-validity of the scale, the total group was divided into two sub-groups with 300 employees of each group. 4 factors(respect, goal-setting and feedback, changing the view point, and belief of the growth potential of subordinates) with 24 items were obtained based on exploratory factor analyses for the first sub-group. This four-factor solution was supported by an confirmatory factor analysis for the second sub-group. The coaching leadership scale was significantly correlated with various criteria such as self-efficacy and supervisor trust, organizational citizenship, and organizational commitment, confirming criterion related validity of the scale. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study and the directions for the future research were discussed.
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Cho, E., & Tak, J. (2011). Development and Validity of the Coaching Leadership Scale. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24(1), 127–155. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v24i1.127-155
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Empirical Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Funding data
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National Research Foundation of Korea
Grant numbers NRF- 2010-327-B00849
References
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오인수 (2002). 일반적 자기효능감: 개념, 측정관련 이슈와 인적자원관리 측면의 시사점. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 15(3), 49-72.
이선희 (2009). 리더십 코칭 연구의 현재와 향후 연구방향. 충남대학교 사회과학연구소: 사회과학연구, 20(1), 115-142.
이영석 (2004). 회사신뢰 및 상사신뢰의 결정요인과 효과성에 관한 연구. 성균관대학교 심리학과 박사학위논문.
이학식, 임지훈 (2008). 구조방정식 모형분석과 AMOS 7.0. 경기: 법문사.
탁진국 (2007). 심리검사 개발과 평가방법의 이해. 서울: 학지사.
한허정 (2007). 조직 중간 관리자의 코칭 역량에 관한 연구. 서울대학교 교육학과 석사학위논문.
Ahern, G. (2003). Designing and implementing coaching/mentoring competencies: a case study. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 16, 373-383.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective continuance and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 252-276.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Barrow, J. C. (1976). Worker performance and task complexity as causal determinants of leader behavior, style, and flexibility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 433-440.
Beattie, R. S. (2002). Developmental managers: line managers as facilitators of work place learning on voluntary organizations, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Glasgow.
Burdett, J. O. (1998). Forty things every manager should know about coaching. Journal of Management Development, 17(2), 142-152.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to Great. New York, NY: Harper Colloins Publishers Inc. 이무열 옮김. 좋은 기업을 넘어 위대한 기업으로. 경기: 김영사.
Cook, J. D., Hepworth, S. J., Wall, T. D., & Warr, P. B. (1981). Experience of work: A compendium and review of 249 measures and their use. New York: Academic Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Ellinger, A. M. (1997). Managers as facilitators of learning in learning organizations. Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (1999). Managerial coaching behaviors in learning organizations. Journal of Management Development, 18(9), 752-771.
Ellinger, A, D., Ellinger, A. E.,& Keller, S. B. (2003). Supervisory coaching behavior, employee satisfaction, and warehouse employee performance: Adyadic perspective in the distribution industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 435-458.
Evered, R. D., & Selman, J. C. (1989). Coaching and the art of management. Organizational Dynamics, 18, 16-32.
Fournies, F. F. (2000). Coaching for improved work performance(Rev. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Graham, S., Wedman, J. F., & Garvin-Kester, B. (1993). Manager coaching skills: Development and application. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(1), 2-13.
Grant, A. M. (2002). Towards a Psychology of Coaching: The Impact of Coaching on Metacognition. Mental Health and Goal Attainment, Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(12), 6094. (UMI No. 3076389).
Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. A. (1997). Behavior in Organizations(5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Harackiewicz, J. M., & Larson, J. R. (1986). Managing motivation: The impact of supervisor feedback on subordinate task interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 547-556.
Heslin, P. A., Latham, G. P., & VandeWalle, D. (2005). The effect of implicit person theory on performance appraisals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 842-856.
Hunt, J. M., & Weintraub, J. (2002). How coaching can enhance your brand as a manager. Journal of organizational excellence, Spring 2002.
Katz. D. (1964). The Motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9, 131-146.
Katz, J. H., & Miller, F. A. (1996). Coaching leaders through culture change. Consulting Psychology Journal, 48(2), 104-114.
Kilburg. R. R. (2004). Trudging toward dodoville: conceptual approaches and case studies in executive coaching. Consulting psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 56, 203-213.
Latham, G. P., Almost, J., Mann, S., & Moore, C. (2005). New developments in performance management. Organizational Dynamics, 34, 77-87.
Leibowitz, Z, B., Kaye, B., & Farren, C. (1986). Overcoming management resistance to career development programs. Training and Development Journal, 40(10), 77-81.
Lowman, R. L. (2005). Executive coaching: The road to dodoville needs paving with more than good assumptions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 57, 90-96.
Mace, M. & Mahler, W. R. (1958). On the Job Coaching: In Developing Executive Skills. American Management Association.
Manz, C. C., & Sims. H. P. Jr. (1991). SuperLeadership: Beyond the myth of heroic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 18-35.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. American Marketing Research, 20(3), 709-734.
McLean, G. N., & Kuo, M. (2000). Coaching in organizations: Self-assessment of competence. In K. P. Kuchinke(Ed.), Proceedings of the Academy of Human Resource Development Conference (pp.638-645). Raleigh-Durham, NC: Academy of Human Resource Development.
McLean, G. N., Yang, B., Kuo, MH. C., Tolbert, A. S., & Larkin, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of an instrument measuring managerial coaching skill. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2), 157-178.
Moorman, R. H., & Blakly, G. L. (1995). individualism-Collectivism as an individual difference predictor of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 127-142.
Mulec, K., & Roth, J. (2005). Action, reflection, and learning: coaching in order to enhance the performance of drug development project management team. R&D Management, 35(5), 483-491.
Oberstein, S. (2009). 10 steps to successful coaching. ASTD Press.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Orth, C. D., Wilkinson, H. E., & Benfari, R. C. (1987). The manager's role as coach and mentor. Organizational Dynamics, 66-74.
Pelletier, L. G., & Vallerand, R. J. (1996). Supervisors' beliefs and subordinates' intrinsic motivation: A behavioral confirmation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 331-340.
Peterson, D. B., & Hicks, M. D. (1996). Leader as coach: Strategies for coaching and developing others. Personnel Decisions International. Minneapolis: MN.
Popper, M., & Lipshitz, R. (1992). Coaching on leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 13(7), 15-18.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 465-476.
Redshaw, B. (2000). Do were rally understand coaching? How can we make it work better?, Industrial and Commercial Training, 32(3), 106-108.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming A Person. Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers, C. R. (1964). Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(2), 160-167.
Rogers. C. R. (1969). Freedom to learn. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B. Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. The Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393-404.
Steers, R. M. (1997). Antecedents outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56.
Talarico, M. S. (2002). Manager as coach in a pharmacy benefit management organization: A critical incidents analysis. University of Minnesota, for the degree of Ph. D.
Tyson, L., & Birnbrauer, H. (1983). Coaching: A tool for success. Training and Development Journal, 37(9), 30-34.
Wenzel, L. H. (2000). Understanding managerial coaching: The role of manager attributes and skills in effective coaching. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University.
Whitmore, J. (2002). Coaching for Performance: GROWing People, Performance, and Purpose. (3rd eds.). 김영순 옮김. 성과향상을 위한 코칭 리더십. 경기: 김영사.
Yukl, G. A. (2002). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Yearly Review of Management, 15, 251-289.
Zemke, R. (1996). The corporate coach. Training, 33(12), 24-28.
노용진, 김현기 (2008). 대한민국 직장인 리더십 진단. LG Business Insight, 2008. 1. 30
오인수 (2002). 일반적 자기효능감: 개념, 측정관련 이슈와 인적자원관리 측면의 시사점. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 15(3), 49-72.
이선희 (2009). 리더십 코칭 연구의 현재와 향후 연구방향. 충남대학교 사회과학연구소: 사회과학연구, 20(1), 115-142.
이영석 (2004). 회사신뢰 및 상사신뢰의 결정요인과 효과성에 관한 연구. 성균관대학교 심리학과 박사학위논문.
이학식, 임지훈 (2008). 구조방정식 모형분석과 AMOS 7.0. 경기: 법문사.
탁진국 (2007). 심리검사 개발과 평가방법의 이해. 서울: 학지사.
한허정 (2007). 조직 중간 관리자의 코칭 역량에 관한 연구. 서울대학교 교육학과 석사학위논문.
Ahern, G. (2003). Designing and implementing coaching/mentoring competencies: a case study. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 16, 373-383.
Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1996). Affective continuance and normative commitment to the organization: An examination of construct validity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 252-276.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
Barrow, J. C. (1976). Worker performance and task complexity as causal determinants of leader behavior, style, and flexibility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 433-440.
Beattie, R. S. (2002). Developmental managers: line managers as facilitators of work place learning on voluntary organizations, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Glasgow.
Burdett, J. O. (1998). Forty things every manager should know about coaching. Journal of Management Development, 17(2), 142-152.
Collins, J. (2001). Good to Great. New York, NY: Harper Colloins Publishers Inc. 이무열 옮김. 좋은 기업을 넘어 위대한 기업으로. 경기: 김영사.
Cook, J. D., Hepworth, S. J., Wall, T. D., & Warr, P. B. (1981). Experience of work: A compendium and review of 249 measures and their use. New York: Academic Press.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268.
Ellinger, A. M. (1997). Managers as facilitators of learning in learning organizations. Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
Ellinger, A. D., & Bostrom, R. P. (1999). Managerial coaching behaviors in learning organizations. Journal of Management Development, 18(9), 752-771.
Ellinger, A, D., Ellinger, A. E.,& Keller, S. B. (2003). Supervisory coaching behavior, employee satisfaction, and warehouse employee performance: Adyadic perspective in the distribution industry. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 435-458.
Evered, R. D., & Selman, J. C. (1989). Coaching and the art of management. Organizational Dynamics, 18, 16-32.
Fournies, F. F. (2000). Coaching for improved work performance(Rev. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Graham, S., Wedman, J. F., & Garvin-Kester, B. (1993). Manager coaching skills: Development and application. Performance Improvement Quarterly, 6(1), 2-13.
Grant, A. M. (2002). Towards a Psychology of Coaching: The Impact of Coaching on Metacognition. Mental Health and Goal Attainment, Dissertation Abstracts International, 63(12), 6094. (UMI No. 3076389).
Greenberg, J., & Baron, R. A. (1997). Behavior in Organizations(5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Harackiewicz, J. M., & Larson, J. R. (1986). Managing motivation: The impact of supervisor feedback on subordinate task interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 547-556.
Heslin, P. A., Latham, G. P., & VandeWalle, D. (2005). The effect of implicit person theory on performance appraisals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 842-856.
Hunt, J. M., & Weintraub, J. (2002). How coaching can enhance your brand as a manager. Journal of organizational excellence, Spring 2002.
Katz. D. (1964). The Motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9, 131-146.
Katz, J. H., & Miller, F. A. (1996). Coaching leaders through culture change. Consulting Psychology Journal, 48(2), 104-114.
Kilburg. R. R. (2004). Trudging toward dodoville: conceptual approaches and case studies in executive coaching. Consulting psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 56, 203-213.
Latham, G. P., Almost, J., Mann, S., & Moore, C. (2005). New developments in performance management. Organizational Dynamics, 34, 77-87.
Leibowitz, Z, B., Kaye, B., & Farren, C. (1986). Overcoming management resistance to career development programs. Training and Development Journal, 40(10), 77-81.
Lowman, R. L. (2005). Executive coaching: The road to dodoville needs paving with more than good assumptions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 57, 90-96.
Mace, M. & Mahler, W. R. (1958). On the Job Coaching: In Developing Executive Skills. American Management Association.
Manz, C. C., & Sims. H. P. Jr. (1991). SuperLeadership: Beyond the myth of heroic leadership. Organizational Dynamics, 18-35.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. American Marketing Research, 20(3), 709-734.
McLean, G. N., & Kuo, M. (2000). Coaching in organizations: Self-assessment of competence. In K. P. Kuchinke(Ed.), Proceedings of the Academy of Human Resource Development Conference (pp.638-645). Raleigh-Durham, NC: Academy of Human Resource Development.
McLean, G. N., Yang, B., Kuo, MH. C., Tolbert, A. S., & Larkin, C. (2005). Development and initial validation of an instrument measuring managerial coaching skill. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(2), 157-178.
Moorman, R. H., & Blakly, G. L. (1995). individualism-Collectivism as an individual difference predictor of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 16, 127-142.
Mulec, K., & Roth, J. (2005). Action, reflection, and learning: coaching in order to enhance the performance of drug development project management team. R&D Management, 35(5), 483-491.
Oberstein, S. (2009). 10 steps to successful coaching. ASTD Press.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Orth, C. D., Wilkinson, H. E., & Benfari, R. C. (1987). The manager's role as coach and mentor. Organizational Dynamics, 66-74.
Pelletier, L. G., & Vallerand, R. J. (1996). Supervisors' beliefs and subordinates' intrinsic motivation: A behavioral confirmation analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 331-340.
Peterson, D. B., & Hicks, M. D. (1996). Leader as coach: Strategies for coaching and developing others. Personnel Decisions International. Minneapolis: MN.
Popper, M., & Lipshitz, R. (1992). Coaching on leadership. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 13(7), 15-18.
Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 465-476.
Redshaw, B. (2000). Do were rally understand coaching? How can we make it work better?, Industrial and Commercial Training, 32(3), 106-108.
Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming A Person. Houghton Mifflin.
Rogers, C. R. (1964). Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68(2), 160-167.
Rogers. C. R. (1969). Freedom to learn. Columbus, OH: Merrill.
Rousseau, D. M., Sitkin, S. B. Burt, R. S., & Camerer, C. (1998). Not so different after all: A cross-discipline view of trust. The Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 393-404.
Steers, R. M. (1997). Antecedents outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56.
Talarico, M. S. (2002). Manager as coach in a pharmacy benefit management organization: A critical incidents analysis. University of Minnesota, for the degree of Ph. D.
Tyson, L., & Birnbrauer, H. (1983). Coaching: A tool for success. Training and Development Journal, 37(9), 30-34.
Wenzel, L. H. (2000). Understanding managerial coaching: The role of manager attributes and skills in effective coaching. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Colorado State University.
Whitmore, J. (2002). Coaching for Performance: GROWing People, Performance, and Purpose. (3rd eds.). 김영순 옮김. 성과향상을 위한 코칭 리더십. 경기: 김영사.
Yukl, G. A. (2002). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Yearly Review of Management, 15, 251-289.
Zemke, R. (1996). The corporate coach. Training, 33(12), 24-28.