Who can enjoy the unavoidable emotional labor A moderation of self-monitoring
Article Sidebar
Published:
Nov 30, 2014
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the positive effect of self-monitoring among emotional display rules (fostering positive emotion(FPE) & suppressing negative emotion(SNE)) and consequential work attitude (job burnout & work engagement). A sample of 191 hotel employees were participated in this study and data were analyzed by SPSS. The results are as follows. First, the main effect of FPE on work engagement was supported, but the main effect of SNE on job burnout was not. Second, the main effects of self-monitoring on engagement and burnout were supported. Third, the moderation effects of self-monitoring which buffer the relationship of SNE on burnout and which facilitate the relationship FPE on engagement were significant. Finally, the implications and limitations were discussed.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
Article Details
How to Cite
Baeck, S., Shin, K., Lee, J., & Heo, C. (2014). Who can enjoy the unavoidable emotional labor: A moderation of self-monitoring. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 27(4), 719–742. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v27i4.719-742
Section
Empirical Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
백승근, 신강현, 김완석, 유지훈, 한영석. (2010). 조직의 정서표현규칙이 종업원의 직무태도에 미치는 영향: 정서노동 전략의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 23(1), 27-51.
백승근, 신강현, 허창구. (2011). 서비스직 종업원의 정서노동 과정에서 정서지능의 매개된 조절효과 검증: 스트레스 교류모형과 직무요구-자원 모형을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 24(2), 429-455.
신강현 (2003). 일반직 종사자를 위한 직무 소진 척도에 대한 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 16(3), 1-17.
신강현, 오인수. (2004). 직무만족과 이직의도 예측 시 직무열의의 중요성. 한국심리학회 연차 학술발표논문집, 1, 244-245.
이 랑, 김완석, 신강현 (2006). 직무탈진과 직무열의의 요구-자원 모델에서 정서노동전략의 역할: 콜센터 상담원을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 19(4), 573- 596.
Adelmann, P. K., & Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Facial efference and the experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 249-280.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991) Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions,Sage, London.
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional Labor in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job Resources Buffer the Impact of Job Demands on Burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170-180.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173- 1182.
Barsade S. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 644–675.
Baumeister, R., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
Baumeister, R., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. (1998). Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource? Roy F. Baumeister. (Eds.), The Self in Social Psychology(pp. 317-336). Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
Brotheridge, C., & Grandey, A., (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work.” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17-39.
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 55-67.
Costanzo, M., & Archer, D. (1989). Interpreting the expressive behavior of others: The Interpersonal Perception Task. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13(4), 225-245.
Cote, S., & Morgan, L. M. (2002). A Longitudinal Analysis of the Association between Emotion Regulation, Job Satisfaction, and Intention to Quit. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 947-962.
Cramer, K. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2002). The Lennox and Wolfe Revised Self-Monitoring Scale: Latent structure and gender invariance. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 627- 637.
Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834-848.
Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of management review, 18(4), 621-656.
Day, D. V., Schleicher, D. J., Unckless, A. L., & Hiller, N. J. (2002). Self-monitoring personality at work: A meta-analytic investigation of construct validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 390-401.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands- Resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 339-357.
Diefendorff, J. M., & Gosserand, R. (2003). Understanding the emotional labor process: A control theory perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 945-959.
Diefendorff, J. M., & Richard, E. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of emotional display rule perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 284-294.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & O'Sullivan, M. (1988). Smiles when lying. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 414-420.
Funder, D. C., & Harris, M. J. (1986). On the several facets of personality assessment: The case of social acuity. Journal of Personality, 54(3), 528-550.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Book.
Gangestad, S. W., & Snyder, M. (2000). Self-monitoring: Appraisal and reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 126(4), 530-555.
Goldberg, L. S., & Grandey, A. A. (2007). Display Rules Versus Display Autonymy: Emotion Regulation, Emotinal Exhaustion, and Task Performance in a Call Center Simulation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 301-318.
Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95-110.
Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface and deep acting as predictors of emotional exhaustion and service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86-96.
Graziano, W. G., & Bryant, W. H. M. (1998). Self-monitoring and the self-attribution of positive emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 250-261.
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent-and response- focused emtion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170.
Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551-575
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The Managed Heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hockey, G. R. J. (1993) Cognitive-energetical control mechanisms in the management of work demands and psychological health. In A. Baddely, & L. Weiskrantz (eds.), Attention: Selection, awareness, and control (pp. 328-345). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. American Psychology Association, 328-345.
Hosch, H. M., Leippe, M. R., Marchioni, P. M., & Cooper, D. S. (1984). Victimization, self-monitoring, and eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(2), 280-288.
House, J. S, (1974). Occupational stress and coronary heart disease: a review and theoretical integration. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 15, 12-27.
Huflejt-Łukasik M, Czarnota-Bojarska J (2006) Short Communication: Self-focused attention and self-monitoring influence on health and coping with stress. Stress Health 22, 153-159.
Ickes, W., Stinson, L., Bissonette, V., & Garcia, S. (1990). Naturalistic social cognition: Empathic accuracy in mixed-sex dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 730-742.
Jordan, P. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., Hartel, C. E. J., & Hooper, G. S. (2002). Workgroup emotional intelligence Scale development and relationship to team process effectiveness and goal focus. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 195-214.
Kahn, R. L. (1992). Stress in organizations. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 3(2), 571-650.
Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude- treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 657-704.
Kilduff, M., & Day, D. V. (1994). Do chameleons get ahead? The effects of self-monitoring on managerial careers. The Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 1047-1060.
Lennox, Richard D., & Raymond N. Wolfe (1984), “Revision of the self-monitoring scale,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(6), 1349-1364.
LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor-hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 764-775.
Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., Cote, S., Beers, M., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Emotion regulation abilities and the quality of social interaction. Emotion, 5(1), 113-118.
Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout. The Cost of Caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E. & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Fancisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.
Mehra, A., & Schenkel, M. T. (2008). The price chameleons pay: Self-monitoring, boundary spanning and role conflict in the workplace. British Journal of Management, 19, 138-144.
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J D. Drenth, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology: Work psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 5-33). Hove, U.K.: Psychology Press.
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. (2000). Self- regulation and depletion of limited resource: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
Perrewé, P. L., Zellars, K. L., Ferris, G. R., Rossi, A. M., Kacmar, C. J., & Ralston, D. A. (2004). Neutralizing job stressors: Political skill as an antidote to the dysfunctional consequences of role conflict stressors. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 141-152.
Podsakoff & Lepine, (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor–hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance, Academy of Management, 48(5), 764-775.
Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438-454.
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1033-1044.
Ryan, R.M & Frederick, C.(1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitalityasa dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565
Salovey, P, & Mayer, J. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Schaubroeck, J., & Jones, J. R. (2000). Antecedents of workplace emotional labor dimensions and moderators of their effects on physical symptoms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(2), 163-183.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: a critical analysis. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Test Manual (3rd ed). Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
Snyder, M. (1974). The self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526-537.
Snyder, M. (1979). Self-monitoring processes. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 12, 85-128.
Snyder, M., Gangestad, S., & Simpson, J. A. (1983). Choosing friends as activity partners: A role of self-monitoring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1061-1072.
Sosik & Megerian, (1999). Understanding leader emotional intelligence and performance : the role of self-other agreement on transformational leadership perceptions. Group Organization Management, 24(3), 367-390.
Taylor, S. A., & Baker, T. L. (1994). An assessment of the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in the formation of consumers' purchase intentions. Journal of retailing, 70(2), 163-178.
Thorndike, E. L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harpers Magazine, 140, 227-235.
Toegel, G., Anand, N., & Kilduff, M. (2007). Emotion helpers: The role of high positive affectivity and high self-monitoring managers. Personnel Psychology, 60, 337-365.
Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., & Zanakos, S. (1993). Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1093- 1104.
Wysocki, J., Chemers, M. M., & Rhodewalt, F. (1987). Situational demand and self-reports of stress and illness: The moderating influence of self-monitoring. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8(3), 249-258.
백승근, 신강현, 허창구. (2011). 서비스직 종업원의 정서노동 과정에서 정서지능의 매개된 조절효과 검증: 스트레스 교류모형과 직무요구-자원 모형을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 24(2), 429-455.
신강현 (2003). 일반직 종사자를 위한 직무 소진 척도에 대한 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 16(3), 1-17.
신강현, 오인수. (2004). 직무만족과 이직의도 예측 시 직무열의의 중요성. 한국심리학회 연차 학술발표논문집, 1, 244-245.
이 랑, 김완석, 신강현 (2006). 직무탈진과 직무열의의 요구-자원 모델에서 정서노동전략의 역할: 콜센터 상담원을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 19(4), 573- 596.
Adelmann, P. K., & Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Facial efference and the experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 249-280.
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991) Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions,Sage, London.
Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional Labor in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity. The Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88-115.
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job Resources Buffer the Impact of Job Demands on Burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170-180.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173- 1182.
Barsade S. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47, 644–675.
Baumeister, R., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
Baumeister, R., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. (1998). Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource? Roy F. Baumeister. (Eds.), The Self in Social Psychology(pp. 317-336). Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
Brotheridge, C., & Grandey, A., (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work.” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17-39.
Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2002). Testing a conservation of resources model of the dynamics of emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7, 55-67.
Costanzo, M., & Archer, D. (1989). Interpreting the expressive behavior of others: The Interpersonal Perception Task. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 13(4), 225-245.
Cote, S., & Morgan, L. M. (2002). A Longitudinal Analysis of the Association between Emotion Regulation, Job Satisfaction, and Intention to Quit. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23, 947-962.
Cramer, K. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2002). The Lennox and Wolfe Revised Self-Monitoring Scale: Latent structure and gender invariance. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 627- 637.
Crawford, E. R., LePine, J. A., & Rich, B. L. (2010). Linking job demands and resources to employee engagement and burnout: A theoretical extension and meta-analytic test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 834-848.
Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of management review, 18(4), 621-656.
Day, D. V., Schleicher, D. J., Unckless, A. L., & Hiller, N. J. (2002). Self-monitoring personality at work: A meta-analytic investigation of construct validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 390-401.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The Job Demands- Resources Model of Burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512.
Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 339-357.
Diefendorff, J. M., & Gosserand, R. (2003). Understanding the emotional labor process: A control theory perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 945-959.
Diefendorff, J. M., & Richard, E. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of emotional display rule perceptions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 284-294.
Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V., & O'Sullivan, M. (1988). Smiles when lying. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 414-420.
Funder, D. C., & Harris, M. J. (1986). On the several facets of personality assessment: The case of social acuity. Journal of Personality, 54(3), 528-550.
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic Book.
Gangestad, S. W., & Snyder, M. (2000). Self-monitoring: Appraisal and reappraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 126(4), 530-555.
Goldberg, L. S., & Grandey, A. A. (2007). Display Rules Versus Display Autonymy: Emotion Regulation, Emotinal Exhaustion, and Task Performance in a Call Center Simulation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 301-318.
Grandey, A. A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: A new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5, 95-110.
Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface and deep acting as predictors of emotional exhaustion and service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 46, 86-96.
Graziano, W. G., & Bryant, W. H. M. (1998). Self-monitoring and the self-attribution of positive emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 250-261.
Gross, J. J. (1998). Antecedent-and response- focused emtion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 224-237.
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170.
Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551-575
Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The Managed Heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hockey, G. R. J. (1993) Cognitive-energetical control mechanisms in the management of work demands and psychological health. In A. Baddely, & L. Weiskrantz (eds.), Attention: Selection, awareness, and control (pp. 328-345). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. American Psychology Association, 328-345.
Hosch, H. M., Leippe, M. R., Marchioni, P. M., & Cooper, D. S. (1984). Victimization, self-monitoring, and eyewitness identification. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(2), 280-288.
House, J. S, (1974). Occupational stress and coronary heart disease: a review and theoretical integration. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 15, 12-27.
Huflejt-Łukasik M, Czarnota-Bojarska J (2006) Short Communication: Self-focused attention and self-monitoring influence on health and coping with stress. Stress Health 22, 153-159.
Ickes, W., Stinson, L., Bissonette, V., & Garcia, S. (1990). Naturalistic social cognition: Empathic accuracy in mixed-sex dyads. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 730-742.
Jordan, P. J., Ashkanasy, N. M., Hartel, C. E. J., & Hooper, G. S. (2002). Workgroup emotional intelligence Scale development and relationship to team process effectiveness and goal focus. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 195-214.
Kahn, R. L. (1992). Stress in organizations. Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology, 3(2), 571-650.
Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and cognitive abilities: An integrative/aptitude- treatment interaction approach to skill acquisition Journal of Applied Psychology, 64, 657-704.
Kilduff, M., & Day, D. V. (1994). Do chameleons get ahead? The effects of self-monitoring on managerial careers. The Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 1047-1060.
Lennox, Richard D., & Raymond N. Wolfe (1984), “Revision of the self-monitoring scale,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(6), 1349-1364.
LePine, J. A., Podsakoff, N. P., & LePine, M. A. (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor-hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5), 764-775.
Lopes, P. N., Salovey, P., Cote, S., Beers, M., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Emotion regulation abilities and the quality of social interaction. Emotion, 5(1), 113-118.
Maslach, C. (1982). Burnout. The Cost of Caring. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E. & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., & Leiter, M. P. (1997). The truth about burnout: How organizations cause personal stress and what to do about it. San Fancisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 397-422.
Mayer, J. D., Caruso, D. R., & Salovey, P. (2000). Emotional intelligence meets traditional standards for an intelligence. Intelligence, 27, 267-298.
Mehra, A., & Schenkel, M. T. (2008). The price chameleons pay: Self-monitoring, boundary spanning and role conflict in the workplace. British Journal of Management, 19, 138-144.
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In P. J D. Drenth, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Handbook of work and organizational psychology: Work psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 5-33). Hove, U.K.: Psychology Press.
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. (2000). Self- regulation and depletion of limited resource: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
Perrewé, P. L., Zellars, K. L., Ferris, G. R., Rossi, A. M., Kacmar, C. J., & Ralston, D. A. (2004). Neutralizing job stressors: Political skill as an antidote to the dysfunctional consequences of role conflict stressors. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 141-152.
Podsakoff & Lepine, (2005). A meta-analytic test of the challenge stressor–hindrance stressor framework: An explanation for inconsistent relationships among stressors and performance, Academy of Management, 48(5), 764-775.
Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438-454.
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 1033-1044.
Ryan, R.M & Frederick, C.(1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitalityasa dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565
Salovey, P, & Mayer, J. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Schaubroeck, J., & Jones, J. R. (2000). Antecedents of workplace emotional labor dimensions and moderators of their effects on physical symptoms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(2), 163-183.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: a multi-sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 293-315.
Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: a critical analysis. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Test Manual (3rd ed). Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness Studies, 3, 71-92.
Snyder, M. (1974). The self-monitoring of expressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 526-537.
Snyder, M. (1979). Self-monitoring processes. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 12, 85-128.
Snyder, M., Gangestad, S., & Simpson, J. A. (1983). Choosing friends as activity partners: A role of self-monitoring. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1061-1072.
Sosik & Megerian, (1999). Understanding leader emotional intelligence and performance : the role of self-other agreement on transformational leadership perceptions. Group Organization Management, 24(3), 367-390.
Taylor, S. A., & Baker, T. L. (1994). An assessment of the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in the formation of consumers' purchase intentions. Journal of retailing, 70(2), 163-178.
Thorndike, E. L. (1920). Intelligence and its uses. Harpers Magazine, 140, 227-235.
Toegel, G., Anand, N., & Kilduff, M. (2007). Emotion helpers: The role of high positive affectivity and high self-monitoring managers. Personnel Psychology, 60, 337-365.
Wegner, D. M., Erber, R., & Zanakos, S. (1993). Ironic processes in the mental control of mood and mood related thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1093- 1104.
Wysocki, J., Chemers, M. M., & Rhodewalt, F. (1987). Situational demand and self-reports of stress and illness: The moderating influence of self-monitoring. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 8(3), 249-258.