Expansion of Job Embeddedness Scale Validation Research of Family Embeddedness

Main Article Content

JongHyun Lee
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6903-0924
YoungKook Moon

Abstract

This research is to validate family embeddedness scale, which measures why people leave and stay in the organization. Items were selected from Ramesh and Gelfand (2010) through translation and back-translation process. In study 1, we administered surveys to collect responses about family embeddedness and related variables on 300 Korean employees. The result from exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that there are three factors including (1) family fit (4 items), (2) family links (2 items), and (3) family sacrifice (3 items). Convergent and discriminant validity were examined by correlation analysis among family embeddedness and related variables. In study 2, we administered and collected two separate surveys which contained family embeddedness and variables related to turnover on 329 Korean employees at two points in time, approximately 6 month apart. The result from confirmatory factor analysis reexamined the factor structure of family embeddedness in study 1, and criterion validity of family embeddedness was tested by logistic regression. Results of this study found that family embeddedness predicted voluntary turnover in South Korean employees beyond job embeddedness and other traditional turnover and retention predictors.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Article Details

How to Cite
Lee, J., & Moon, Y. (2021). Expansion of Job Embeddedness: Scale Validation Research of Family Embeddedness. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 34(4), 723–750. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v34i4.723-750
Section
Empirical Articles

References

Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 1-18.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1990.tb00506.x

Allen, D. G., Bryant, P. C., & Vardaman, J. M. (2010). Retaining talent: Replacing misconceptions with evidence-based strategies. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24, 48-64. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.24.2.48

Allen, T. D., Merlo, K., Lawrence, R. C., Slutsky, J., & Gray, C. E. (2021). Boundary management and work‐nonwork balance while working from home. Applied Psychology, 70, 60-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12300

Aryee, S., Field, D., & Luk, V. (1999). A cross-cultural test of a model of the work–family interface. Journal of Management, 25, 491–511.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(99)00015-X

Baik. K, Park. I, & Chung. B. (2019). The Effects of Work-Family Conflicts on Turnover Intention of Married Female Workers in Public Institutions: Mediating Effects of Job Burnout, Job Engagement and Moderating Effects of Family Motivation. Korean Journal of Resources Development 22, 151-173.https://doi.org/10.15207/JKCS.2020.11.3.311

Barrick, M. R., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2005). Reducing voluntary, avoidable turnover through selection. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 159-166.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.159

Barrick, M. R., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2009). Hiring for retention and performance. Human Resource Management: Published in Cooperation with the School of Business Administration, The University of Michigan and in alliance with the Society of Human Resources Management, 48, 183-206.https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20275

Benson, G. S., Finegold, D., & Mohrman, S. A. (2004). You paid for the skills, now keep them: Tuition reimbursement and voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 315–331. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159584

Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of management Journal, 48, 257-281. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159655

Blau, G. (1994). Testing a two-dimensional measure of job search behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 59, 288-312.https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1994.1061

Browne, M. W., and R. Cudeck (1993). “Alternative ways of assessing model fit”. In: K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp.136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with implications for research. The Academy of Management Review, 11, 55-70.https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.1986.4282625

Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1031-1042.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1031

Diodeo. (2020.05.19.) 7 of 10 employees, “Because of Covid-19, I postponed my turnover plan.” https://www.diodeo.com/news/view/4105170

Eun. H, Koo. J, & Jung. T. (2018). Qualitative research of job turnover and stay, based on job embeddedness, Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issues. 24, 221-250.http://dx.doi.org/10.20406/kjcs.2018.5.24.2.221

Felps, W., Mitchell, T. R., Hekman, D. R., Lee, T. W., Holtom, B. C., & Harman, W. S. (2009). Turnover contagion: How coworkers’ job embeddedness and job search behaviors influence quitting. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 545-561.https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.41331075

Greenhaus, J. H., & Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/258214

Griffeth, R. W., & Hom, P. W. (1988). A comparison of different conceptualizations of perceived alternatives in turnover research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9, 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030090202

Griffeth, R. W., Hom, P. W., & Gaertner, S. (2000). A meta-analysis of antecedents and correlates of employee turnover: Update, moderator tests, and research implications for the next millennium. Journal of Management, 26, 463-488.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(00)00043-X

Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076546

Hair, J. F. J., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C., (1998). Multivariate data analysis, 5th edn, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Hammer, L. B., Allen, E., & Grigsby, T. D. (1997). Work–family conflict in dual-earner couples: Within-individual and crossover effects of work and family. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 50, 185-203.https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.1557

Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Yragui, N. L., Bodner, T. E., & Hanson, G. C. (2009). Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of family supportive supervisor behaviors (FSSB). Journal of Management, 35, 837-856.https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308328510

Haraldsson, & Kellam (2021) Going public: Iceland’s journey to a shorter working week. https://autonomy.work/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ICELAND_4DW.pdf

Hellgren, J., Sjoberg, A., & Sverke, M. (1997). Intention to quit: Effects of job satisfaction and job perceptions. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 44(3), 519-540.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8543.2006.00511.x

Heo. Y. (2019.05.06.) “Dad, use parental leave.” Saving Banks support family-friendly culture. http://www.inews24.com/view/1176486

Hinkin, T. R. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21, 967-988.https://doi.org/10.1016/0149-2063(95)90050-0

Holtom, B. C., Burton, J. P., & Crossley, C. D. (2012). How negative affectivity moderates the relationship between shocks, embeddedness and worker behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 434-443.https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2010.54500933

Holtom, B. C., & Inderrieden, E. J. (2006). Integrating the unfolding model and job embeddedness model to better understand voluntary turnover. Journal of Management Issues 18, 435-452.https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-00794-001

Hom, P. W., Lee, T. W., Shaw, J. D., & Hausknecht, J. P. (2017). One hundred years of employee turnover theory and research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 530-545. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000103

Hong. S. (2000), The Criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19, 161-177.

Hwang. C, (2009.11.29.) Today is ‘Family Day..’ Leave work on time.https://www.hani.co.kr/arti/economy/working/390386.html#csidxbf2fbf8486912eb9d03b015f130b074

Jeon. J. (2021.06.22.) Ministry of gender equality and family recruits best family-friendly business companies...to promote work and life balance.https://n.news.naver.com/article/421/0005429697

Jiang, K., Liu, D., McKay, P. F., Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (2012). When and how is job embeddedness predictive of turnover? A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Applied psychology, 97, 1077-1096.https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028610

Johnson, S. K., DeLuca, J., & Natelson, B. H. (1996). Depression in fatiguing illness: Comparing patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 39, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(96)00015-8

Judge, T. A., Piccolo, R. F., Podsakoff, N. P., Shaw, J. C., & Rich, B. L. (2010). The relationship between pay and job satisfaction: A meta-analysis of the literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 157-167.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.04.002

Kim. B, Cho. K, & Kang. J. (2018). An exploratory study of the factors on the perceived burden of adult child’s role in Korean parent-child relationship. Korean Association for Learner-centered Curriculum and Instruction, 18, 249-267.https://doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2018.18.11.249

Kim. C. (2020.12.20.) DongAhST, ‘2020 family-friendly certified firm selection. https://www.docdocdoc.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=2005943

Kim. J, Kim. K, & Park. H. (2018). The Impact of Family-Friendly Corporate Culture on Employees’ Behavior. Journal of the Korea Industrial Information Systems Research. 23(2), 75-92.https://doi.org/10.9723/jksiis.2018.23.2.075

Kim. K. (2021.07.26.) Almost 30% of employees responded, “After Covid-19, if there is no telecommuting policy in the workplace, we will leave.” https://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/22P29E34YN

Koo. W. (2021.07.08.) Gyeongsangbuk-do Province supports family-friendly business to kill two birds with one stone. http://www.job-post.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=27725

Lee T. H. (2012). Gender difference in voluntary turnover: Still a paradox? International Business Research, 5, 19-28.https://doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v5n10p19

Lee, T. W., & Maurer, S. (1999). The effects of family structure on organizational commitment, intention to leave and voluntary turnover. Journal of Management Issues, 11, 493-513. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40604287

Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (1994). An alternative approach: The unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. Academy of Management Review, 19, 51-89.https://doi.org/10.2307/258835

Lee, T. W., Hom, P., Eberly, M., & Li, J. (2018). Managing employee retention and turnover with 21st century ideas. Organizational Dynamics, 47, 88-98.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2017.08.004

Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., McDaniel, L., & Hill, J. W. (1999). Theoretical development and extension of the unfolding model of voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 450-462. https://doi.org/10.5465/257015

Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Sablynski, C. J., Burton, J. P., & Holtom, B. C. (2004). The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 711-722.https://doi.org/10.2307/20159613

Lee, T. W., Mitchell, T. R., Wise, L., & Fireman, S. (1996). An unfolding model of voluntary employee turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 39, 5-36.https://doi.org/10.2307/256629

Lee, T.W, Burch, T. C., & Mitchell, T. R. (2014a). The story of why we stay: A review of job embeddedness. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology Organizational Behavior, 1, 199-216.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091244

Lee. B. (2020.05.27.) 64.4% of employees responded, “Due to Covid-19, turnover plan disrupted.” http://www.fairn.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=60769

Lee. C. (2019.11.05.) Four-day work week in MS Japan company increased the productivity. https://theqoo.net/square/1247084373

Lee, J. H., Shin, K. H., Baeck, S., & Heo, C. (2014b). The effectiveness of job embeddedness in turnover studies: A meta-analysis. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 27, 743-779.https://doi.org/10.24230/ksiop.27.4.201411.743

Lee. J. H., & Lee, J. E. (2020). A Comprehensive Test of Theory, Qualitative research, and Big Data-Based Predictors of Employee Turnover in Korea. Journal of The Korean Data Analysis Society (JKDAS), 22, 2075-2093.ISSN:1229-2354

Lee. J. H., & Shin. K. H. (2017).A Validation study of the Korean job embeddedness scale for employee retention strategy. Korean Journal of Social Sciences, 41, 55-89.https://doi.org/10.33071/ssricb.41.2.201708.55

Lee. J. H., Kim. M, Seung. H, & Yoo. H. (2019). A consensual qualitative study on Korean employees’ determinants of turnover. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 38, 219-245.https://doi.org/10.22257/kjp.2019.6.38.2.219

Lee. S, Lee. C, & Kim. S. (2014c). Working family conflict and turnover intention: Moderating effects of flexible working. Korean Journal of Resources Development, 21, 245-262. https://doi.org/10.14396/jhrmr.2014.21.5.245

Lee. Y. (2021.07.16.) Talent is Power. Skhynix reduces turnover rate.https://m.datanews.co.kr/m/m_article.html?no=113888

Li, D., Li, X., Wang, L., Wang, G., & Newton, C. (2019). Work–family conflict influences the relationship between family embeddedness and turnover intention. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 47, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7640

Maertz Jr, C. P., & Campion, M. A. (2004). Profiles in quitting: Integrating process and content turnover theory. Academy of Management Journal, 47, 566-582.

Maertz Jr, C. P., & Griffeth, R. W. (2004). Eight motivational forces and voluntary turnover: A theoretical synthesis with implications for research. Journal of management, 30(5), 667-683.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.04.001

Mallol, C. M., Holtom, B. C., & Lee, T. W. (2007). Job embeddedness in a culturally diverse environment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 22, 35-44.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-007-9045-x

McFarland, L. A., Reeves, S., Porr, W. B., & Ployhart, R. E. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on job search behavior: An event transition perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology.105, 1207-1217.https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000782

McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Brashears, M. E. (2006). Social isolation in America: Changes in core discussion networks over two decades. American Sociological Review, 71, 353-735.https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240607100301

Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001a). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 1102-1121.https://doi.org/10.2307/3069391

Mitchell, T. R., & Lee, T. W. (2001b). The unfolding model of voluntary turnover and job embeddedness: Foundations for a comprehensive theory of attachment. Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 189-246.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-3085(01)23006-8

Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., & McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work–family conflict and family–work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400-410.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.400

Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2009a). Occupational embeddedness and job performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior. The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 30, 863-891.https://doi.org/10.1002/job.580

Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2009b). Age, work experience, and the psychological contract. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 1053–1075. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.599

Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2010). The effects of organizational embeddedness on development of social capital and human capital. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 696-712. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019150

Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2014). Embeddedness and well-being in the United States and Singapore: The mediating effects of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19, 360-375. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036922

Oh. J, Kim. E, & Noh. Y. (2013). The impact of work-family conflict on turnover intention of flight attendants: Focused on married female. Journal of Tourism and Leisure Research, 25, 383-399.https://doi.org/10.7469/JKSQM.2019.47.1.109

Payne, S. C., & Huffman, A. H. (2005). A longitudinal examination of the influence of mentoring on organizational commitment and turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 48, 158-168. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159647

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879

Puangyoykeaw Setthakorn, K. (2019). Family background and its impact on job embeddedness and turnover intention: The moderating role of the number of dependents and family income level. PSAKU International Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, 8, 99-108. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3547040

Ramesh, A., & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). Will they stay or will they go? The role of job embeddedness in predicting turnover in individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95, 807-823. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-564-1.ch007

Ranganathan, A., & Kuruvilla, S. (2008). Employee turnover in the business process outsourcing industry in India. In Management practices in high-tech environments (pp. 110-132). IGI Global.

Rothausen, T. J., Henderson, K. E., Arnold, J. K., & Malshe, A. (2017). Should I stay or should I go? Identity and well-being in sensemaking about retention and turnover. Journal of Management, 43, 2357-2385.https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315569312

Rubenstein, A. L., Eberly, M. B., Lee, T. W., & Mitchell, T. R. (2018). Surveying the forest: A meta‐analysis, moderator investigation, and future‐oriented discussion of the antecedents of voluntary employee turnover. Personnel Psychology, 71, 23-65.https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12226

Sousa-Poza, A., & Sousa-Poza, A. A. (2007). The effect of job satisfaction on labor turnover by gender: An analysis for Switzerland. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 36, 895-913.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.01.022

Statistics Korea. (2021.03.17.) Employment trend in February 2021. Korea Development Institute.https://eiec.kdi.re.kr/policy/materialView.do?num=211681&topic=

Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statististics. Allyn and Bacon. A Pearson Education Company Boston, U.S.A

Valcour, P. M., & Tolbert, P. (2003). Gender, family and career in the era of boundarylessness: Determinants and effects of intra-and inter-organizational mobility. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14, 768-787.https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000819

Vaziri, H., Casper, W. J., Wayne, J. H., & Matthews, R. A. (2020). Changes to the work–family interface during the COVID-19 pandemic: Examining predictors and implications using latent transition analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105, 1073.

Wasti, S. A. (2002). Affective and continuance commitment to the organization: Test of an integrated model in the Turkish context. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, 525–550.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(02)00032-9

Yang, N. N., Chen, C. C., Choi, J., & Zou, Y. M. (2000). Sources of work–family conflict: A Sino-U.S. comparison of the effects of work and family demands. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 113–123.https://doi.org/10.2307/1556390

Zhang, M., Fried, D. D., & Griffeth, R. W. (2012). A review of job embeddedness: Conceptual, measurement issues, and directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 22, 220-231.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2012.02.004