This is an outdated version published on 2019-11-30. Read the most recent version.
The effects of workaholics and job engagement on sleep quality An experience sampling study on the role of psychological detachment
Article Sidebar
Published:
Nov 30, 2019
Versions:
2019-11-30 (1)
Main Article Content
Abstract
Although both workaholism and job engagement are known to share the behavioral tendency of heavy work investment, the underlying motivations as well as implications for individuals and organizations differ from each other. To further the understanding of the similarity and differences between the two variables, the current study used a daily diary study to examine how workaholism and job engagement influence sleep quality through psychological detachment. Multilevel structural equation modeling on the data collected from 89 employees of an organization over five days showed, as expected, workaholism had negative effects on sleep quality through psychological detachment. Further, the study showed that workaholism acted as a suppressor for the relationship between job engagement and psychological detachment. That is, after controlling for workaholism, the positive relationship between job engagement and psychological detachment increased. However, the hypothesis that job engagement positively influences sleep quality through psychological detachment was not supported. The findings contribute to understanding the mechanism of the negative effect of workaholics, and also raise the need to re-examine the conceptual definition of job engagement.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
Article Details
How to Cite
Lee, S., & Nam, G. (2019). The effects of workaholics and job engagement on sleep quality: An experience sampling study on the role of psychological detachment. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 32(4), 419–437. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v32i4.419-437
Section
Empirical Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Funding data
References
Andreassen, C. S., Hetland, J., Molde, H., & Pallesen, S. (2011). ‘Workaholism’ and potential outcomes in well‐being and health in a cross-occupational sample. Stress and Health, 27(3), e209-e214. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1366
Bakker, A., Albrecht, S., & Leiter, M. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352
Barber, L. K., & Jenkins, J. S. (2014). Creating technological boundaries to protect bedtime: Examining work-home boundary management, psychological detachment and sleep. Stress and Health, 30(3), 259-264. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2536
Barnes, C. M., Lucianetti, L., Bhave, D. P., & Christian, M. S. (2015). “You wouldn’t like me when I’m sleepy”: Leaders’ sleep, daily abusive supervision, and work unit engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1419-1437. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.1063
Beckers, D. G., van der Linden, D., Smulders, P. G., Kompier, M. A., van Veldhoven, M. J., & van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Working overtime hours: relations with fatigue, work motivation, and the quality of work. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(12), 1282-1289. https://doi.org/(...).0000147210.95602.50
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
Chen, Y., Li, S., Xia, Q., & He, C. (2017). The relationship between job demands and employees’ counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effect of psychological detachment and job anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01890
Christian, M. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2007). Work engagement: A meta-analytic review and directions for research in an emerging area. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2007(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2007.26536346
Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Zhdanova, L., Pui, S., & Baltes, B. B. (2014). All work and no play? A meta-analytic examination of the correlaties and outcomes of workaholism. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1836-1873. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314522301
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1990. Flow. The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper: New York, NY. ISBN-10: 0061339202
Di Stefano, G., & Gaudiino, M. (2019). Workaholism and work engagement: How are they similar? How are they different? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(3), 329-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1590337
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Geurts, S. A., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Daily recovery from work-related effort during non-work time. In S. Sonnentag, P. Perrewé, & D. Ganster (Eds.), Current perspectives on job-stress recovery (pp. 85-123). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2009)0000007006
Erden, N. S. (2019). Do organizations really gain without pain?: The dark side of employee engagement. In N. Sharma, N. Chaudhary, & V. K. Singh (Eds.), Management Techniques for Employee Engagement in Contemporary Organizations (pp. 57-76). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7799-7.ch004
Etzion, D., Eden, D., & Lapidot, Y. (1998). Relief from job stressors and burnout: Reserve service as a respite. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 577-585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.4.577
Feuerhahn, N., Sonnentag, S., & Woll, A. (2014). Exercise after work, psychological mediators, and affect: A day-level study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(1), 62-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.709965
Fisher, C. D., & To, M. L. (2012). Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(7), 865-877. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1803
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367-1377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources and consequences. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 102-117). New York: Psychology Press.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2016). Sleep disruption and aggression: Implications for violence and its prevention. Psychology of Violence, 6(4), 542-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/vio0000018
Kubota, K., Shimazu, A., Kawakami, N., & Takahashi, M. (2014). Workaholism and sleep quality among Japanese employees: A prospective cohort study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(1), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-012-9286-6
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
Motivala, S. J., & Irwin, M. R. (2007). Sleep and immunity: Cytokine pathways linking sleep and health outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00468.x
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2012). Mplus User’s Guide: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The concept of flow. In C. R. Snyder & J. S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 89-105). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_16
Nam, G. E., Lee, S., Ji, O. Y. (2018). The Effect of Sleep Quantity and Quality on College Students’ Interpersonal Deviant Behavior: A Daily Diary Examination of Mediating Role of Negative Affect. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 23(2), 583-593. https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2018.23.2.015
Ng, T. W., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(1), 111-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.424
Oates, W. (1971). Confessions of a workaholic: The facts about work addiction. New York: World Publishing Company.
Park, H. I., Park, Y. A., Kim, M., Hur, T. K. (2011). A Validation Study of a Korean Version of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24(3), 523-552. https://doi.org/10.24230/ksiop.24.3.201108.523
Pereira, D., & Elfering, A. (2014). Social stressors at work and sleep during weekends: The mediating role of psychological detachment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(1), 85-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034928
Pilcher, J. J., Ginter, D. R., & Sadowsky, B. (1997). Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42(6), 583-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00004-4
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15(3), 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020141
Robinson, B. E. (1998). Spouses of workaholics: Clinical implications for psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 35(2), 260-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087810
Salanova, M., López-González, A. A., Llorens, S., del Líbano, M., Vicente-Herrero, M. T., & Tomás-Salvá, M. (2016). Your work may be killing you! Workaholism, sleep problems and cardiovascular risk. Work & Stress, 30(3), 228-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2016.1203373
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire a cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Being driven to work excessively hard: The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(4), 320-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397109337239
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). It takes two to tango: Workaholism is working excessively and working compulsively, In R. J. Burke, C. L. Cooper (Eds), The long work hours culture: Causes, consequences and choices (pp. 203-226). Bingley, UK: Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-84855-038-4.00009-9
Shimazu, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Is workaholism good or bad for employee well-being? The distinctiveness of workaholism and work engagement among Japanese employees. Industrial Health, 47(5), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.47.495
Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Kamiyama, K., & Kawakami, N. (2015). Workaholism vs. work engagement: The two different predictors of future well-being and performance. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-014-9410-x
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989X.7.4.422
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological bulletin, 86(2), 420. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.86.2.420
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The recovery experience questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204-221. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), 72-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
Sonnentag, S., Mojza, E. J., Binnewies, C., & Scholl, A. (2008). Being engaged at work and detached at home: A week-level study on work engagement, psychological detachment, and affect. Work & Stress, 22(3), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802379440
Spagnoli, P., Balducci, C., Scafuri Kovalchuk, L., Maiorano, F., & Buono, C. (2018). Are engaged workaholics protected against job-related negative affect and anxiety before sleep? A study of the moderating role of gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091996
Sussman S. (2012). Workaholism: A Review. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, Suppl 6(1), 4120. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S6-001
Tzelgov, J., & Henik, A. (1991). Suppression situations in psychological research: Definitions, implications, and applications. Psychological Bulletin, 109(3), 524-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.524
van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., Dunn, T. J., Garacia-Campayo, J., Demarzo, M. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Meditation awareness training for the treatment of workaholism: A controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.021
van Wijhe, C., Peeters, M., Schaufeli, W., & Ouweneel, E. (2013). Rise and shine: Recovery experiences of workaholic and nonworkaholic employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(4), 476-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.663527
van Wijhe, C. I., Schaufeli, W. B., & Peeters, M. C. (2016). Understanding and treating workaholism: Setting the stage for successful interventions, In R. J. Burke, C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Risky business (pp. 129-156). London: Routledge.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.003
Bakker, A., Albrecht, S., & Leiter, M. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 4-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352
Barber, L. K., & Jenkins, J. S. (2014). Creating technological boundaries to protect bedtime: Examining work-home boundary management, psychological detachment and sleep. Stress and Health, 30(3), 259-264. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2536
Barnes, C. M., Lucianetti, L., Bhave, D. P., & Christian, M. S. (2015). “You wouldn’t like me when I’m sleepy”: Leaders’ sleep, daily abusive supervision, and work unit engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1419-1437. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.1063
Beckers, D. G., van der Linden, D., Smulders, P. G., Kompier, M. A., van Veldhoven, M. J., & van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Working overtime hours: relations with fatigue, work motivation, and the quality of work. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 46(12), 1282-1289. https://doi.org/(...).0000147210.95602.50
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4
Chen, Y., Li, S., Xia, Q., & He, C. (2017). The relationship between job demands and employees’ counterproductive work behaviors: The mediating effect of psychological detachment and job anxiety. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01890
Christian, M. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2007). Work engagement: A meta-analytic review and directions for research in an emerging area. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2007(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2007.26536346
Clark, M. A., Michel, J. S., Zhdanova, L., Pui, S., & Baltes, B. B. (2014). All work and no play? A meta-analytic examination of the correlaties and outcomes of workaholism. Journal of Management, 42(7), 1836-1873. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314522301
Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1990. Flow. The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper: New York, NY. ISBN-10: 0061339202
Di Stefano, G., & Gaudiino, M. (2019). Workaholism and work engagement: How are they similar? How are they different? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 28(3), 329-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2019.1590337
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Geurts, S. A., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Daily recovery from work-related effort during non-work time. In S. Sonnentag, P. Perrewé, & D. Ganster (Eds.), Current perspectives on job-stress recovery (pp. 85-123). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2009)0000007006
Erden, N. S. (2019). Do organizations really gain without pain?: The dark side of employee engagement. In N. Sharma, N. Chaudhary, & V. K. Singh (Eds.), Management Techniques for Employee Engagement in Contemporary Organizations (pp. 57-76). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7799-7.ch004
Etzion, D., Eden, D., & Lapidot, Y. (1998). Relief from job stressors and burnout: Reserve service as a respite. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 577-585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.4.577
Feuerhahn, N., Sonnentag, S., & Woll, A. (2014). Exercise after work, psychological mediators, and affect: A day-level study. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(1), 62-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.709965
Fisher, C. D., & To, M. L. (2012). Using experience sampling methodology in organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(7), 865-877. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1803
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1367-1377. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1512
Halbesleben, J. R. B. (2010). A meta-analysis of work engagement: Relationships with burnout, demands, resources and consequences. In A. B. Bakker & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research (pp. 102-117). New York: Psychology Press.
Hobfoll, S. E. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2016). Sleep disruption and aggression: Implications for violence and its prevention. Psychology of Violence, 6(4), 542-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/vio0000018
Kubota, K., Shimazu, A., Kawakami, N., & Takahashi, M. (2014). Workaholism and sleep quality among Japanese employees: A prospective cohort study. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(1), 66-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-012-9286-6
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000). Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prevention Science, 1(4), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026595011371
Motivala, S. J., & Irwin, M. R. (2007). Sleep and immunity: Cytokine pathways linking sleep and health outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(1), 21-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00468.x
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2012). Mplus User’s Guide: Statistical Analysis with Latent Variables (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2002). The concept of flow. In C. R. Snyder & J. S. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 89-105). New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9088-8_16
Nam, G. E., Lee, S., Ji, O. Y. (2018). The Effect of Sleep Quantity and Quality on College Students’ Interpersonal Deviant Behavior: A Daily Diary Examination of Mediating Role of Negative Affect. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 23(2), 583-593. https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2018.23.2.015
Ng, T. W., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2007). Dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of workaholism: A conceptual integration and extension. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(1), 111-136. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.424
Oates, W. (1971). Confessions of a workaholic: The facts about work addiction. New York: World Publishing Company.
Park, H. I., Park, Y. A., Kim, M., Hur, T. K. (2011). A Validation Study of a Korean Version of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24(3), 523-552. https://doi.org/10.24230/ksiop.24.3.201108.523
Pereira, D., & Elfering, A. (2014). Social stressors at work and sleep during weekends: The mediating role of psychological detachment. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(1), 85-95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034928
Pilcher, J. J., Ginter, D. R., & Sadowsky, B. (1997). Sleep quality versus sleep quantity: Relationships between sleep and measures of health, well-being and sleepiness in college students. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 42(6), 583-596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00004-4
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Preacher, K. J., Zyphur, M. J., & Zhang, Z. (2010). A general multilevel SEM framework for assessing multilevel mediation. Psychological Methods, 15(3), 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0020141
Robinson, B. E. (1998). Spouses of workaholics: Clinical implications for psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 35(2), 260-268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0087810
Salanova, M., López-González, A. A., Llorens, S., del Líbano, M., Vicente-Herrero, M. T., & Tomás-Salvá, M. (2016). Your work may be killing you! Workaholism, sleep problems and cardiovascular risk. Work & Stress, 30(3), 228-242. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2016.1203373
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 293-315. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire a cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., Shimazu, A., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Being driven to work excessively hard: The evaluation of a two-factor measure of workaholism in the Netherlands and Japan. Cross-Cultural Research, 43(4), 320-348. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397109337239
Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Bakker, A. B. (2008). It takes two to tango: Workaholism is working excessively and working compulsively, In R. J. Burke, C. L. Cooper (Eds), The long work hours culture: Causes, consequences and choices (pp. 203-226). Bingley, UK: Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-84855-038-4.00009-9
Shimazu, A., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Is workaholism good or bad for employee well-being? The distinctiveness of workaholism and work engagement among Japanese employees. Industrial Health, 47(5), 495-502. https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.47.495
Shimazu, A., Schaufeli, W. B., Kamiyama, K., & Kawakami, N. (2015). Workaholism vs. work engagement: The two different predictors of future well-being and performance. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22(1), 18-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-014-9410-x
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002). Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: new procedures and recommendations. Psychological methods, 7(4), 422-445. https://doi.org/10.1037//1082-989X.7.4.422
Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological bulletin, 86(2), 420. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.86.2.420
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2007). The recovery experience questionnaire: Development and validation of a measure for assessing recuperation and unwinding from work. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(3), 204-221. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.3.204
Sonnentag, S., & Fritz, C. (2015). Recovery from job stress: The stressor-detachment model as an integrative framework. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(S1), 72-103. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1924
Sonnentag, S., Mojza, E. J., Binnewies, C., & Scholl, A. (2008). Being engaged at work and detached at home: A week-level study on work engagement, psychological detachment, and affect. Work & Stress, 22(3), 257-276. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802379440
Spagnoli, P., Balducci, C., Scafuri Kovalchuk, L., Maiorano, F., & Buono, C. (2018). Are engaged workaholics protected against job-related negative affect and anxiety before sleep? A study of the moderating role of gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(9), 1996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091996
Sussman S. (2012). Workaholism: A Review. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy, Suppl 6(1), 4120. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.S6-001
Tzelgov, J., & Henik, A. (1991). Suppression situations in psychological research: Definitions, implications, and applications. Psychological Bulletin, 109(3), 524-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.3.524
van Gordon, W., Shonin, E., Dunn, T. J., Garacia-Campayo, J., Demarzo, M. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Meditation awareness training for the treatment of workaholism: A controlled trial. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(2), 212-220. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.021
van Wijhe, C., Peeters, M., Schaufeli, W., & Ouweneel, E. (2013). Rise and shine: Recovery experiences of workaholic and nonworkaholic employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(4), 476-489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2012.663527
van Wijhe, C. I., Schaufeli, W. B., & Peeters, M. C. (2016). Understanding and treating workaholism: Setting the stage for successful interventions, In R. J. Burke, C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Risky business (pp. 129-156). London: Routledge.
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.003