Emotional intelligence and adaptive performance The mediating effect of self-efficacy and the moderating effects of change leadership and climate for innovation
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Feb 28, 2012
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Abstract
The purposes of this study were to examine the influence of emotional intelligence on adaptive performance, the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between emotional intelligence and adaptive performance, and the moderating effects of change leadership and climate for innovation on the relationship between self-efficacy and adaptive performance. Data were gathered from 198 employees who were working in various organizations in Korea. To reduce the effect from common method bias, the adaptive performance was rated by both self and others(one hundred and ninety-eight peers or supervisors). As results, there was significantly positive relationship between emotional intelligence and adaptive performance. Self-efficacy partially mediated the relationships between emotional intelligence and self-rating adaptive performance, and fully mediated the relationships between emotional intelligence and other-rating adaptive performance. Change leadership moderated the relationship between self-efficacy and other-rating adaptive performance because the relationship was more positive when change leadership was high than low. Also climate for innovation had the moderating effect on the relationship self-efficacy and both self-rating and other-rating adaptive performance because the relationship was more positive when climate for innovation was high than low. Finally, implication of results and future research tasks were discussed with limitations.
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Kim, E., & Yoo, T. (2012). Emotional intelligence and adaptive performance: The mediating effect of self-efficacy and the moderating effects of change leadership and climate for innovation. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 25(1), 239–263. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v25i1.239-263
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Empirical Articles
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References
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김천석, 유태용 (2005). 정서지능, 인지능력, 성격의 구성개념간 변별성과 정서지능의 과업수행, 맥락수행, 적응수행에 대한 증분타당도 검증. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 18, 271-298.
김태홍, 한태영 (2009). 적응성과 및 지속적 학습활동에 대한 학습목표성향, 실책관리풍토 및 변화지향적 팀 리더십의 영향. 인사조직연구, 17, 117-159.
안여명, 유태용 (2010). 개인 및 팀 수준에서 성격과 적응수행 간의 관계: 일반적 자기효능감의 매개효과와 변혁적 리더십의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 23, 155-179.
박문정 (2005). 종업원 적응수행에 영향을 미치는 개인차 변인 연구. 고려대학교 석사학위 논문.
조성진, 송계충 (2011). 코칭이 자기효능감, 조직유효성 및 가족관계에 미치는 영향에 관한 현장실험 연구. 인사․조직연구, 19, 201-252.
한태영 (2005a). 청소년의 학교장면 스트레스: 성격 및 정서지능의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 2, 177-179.
한태영 (2005b). 적응수행에 대한 개인 및 팀 수준의 영향: 다수준(Multilevel) 접근법의 적용. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 18, 51-77.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhi & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior(pp.11-39). Heidelberg: Springer.
Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality, and behavior. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
Allworth, E., & Hesketh, B. (1999). Construct- oriented biodata: Capturing change- related and contextually relevant future performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 7, 97-111.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 10, 123-167). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Ashforth, B. E, & Humpley, R. H. (1995). Emotion in the workforce: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 97-125.
Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E. J., & Daus, C. S. (2002). Advances in organizational behavior: Diversity and emotions. Journal of Management, 28, 307-338.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change, Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive process through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 729-735.
Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.
Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp.1-45). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bandura, A. (1997b). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983). Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1017-1028.
Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Charbonnier-Voirin, A., Akremi, A. E. & Vandenberghe, C. (2010). A multilevel model of transformational leadership and adaptive performance and the moderating role of climate for innovation. Group & Organization Management, 35, 699-726.
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 62-83.
Eden, D. (1992). Leadership and expectations: Pygmalion effects and other self-fulfilling prophecies in organizations. Leadership Quarterly, 3, 271-305.
Eden, D. (2001). Mean efficacy: External sources of general and specific subject efficacy. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy(pp.73-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum,
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Prussia, G. E. (2008). Employee coping with organizational change: An examination of alternative. Personnel Psychology, 61, 1-36.
Gist, M. (1987). Self-efficacy: implications for organizational behavior and human resource management, Academy of Management Review, 12. 472-485.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & Mckee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Realization the power of emotional intelligences. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Griffin, B., & Hesketh, B. (2003). Adaptable behaviours for successful work and career adjustment. Australian Journal of Psychology, 55, 65-74.
Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 327-347.
Gundlach, M. J., Martinko, M. J., & Douglas S. C. (2003). Emotional intelligence, causal reasoning, and the self-efficacy development process. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11, 229-246.
Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S. D, & Liu. Y. (2008). The effects of transformational and change leadership on employees' commitment to a change: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 346-357.
Hesketh, B., & Neal, A. (1999). Technology and performance. In D. R. Ilgen & E. D. Pulakos(Eds.), The changing nature of performance (pp. 21-55). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Johnston, H. R. (1976). A new conceptualization of source of organizational climate. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 95-103.
Jones, D. S. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 262-279.
Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters: Corporate entrepreneurs at work. London: Allen & Unwin.
Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Lawler, E. E., Hall, D. T., & Oldham, G. R. (1974). Organizational climate: Relationship to organizational structure, process, and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 11, 139-155.
LePine, J. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Erez, A. (2000). Adaptability to changing task contexts: Effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Personnel Psychology, 53, 563-593.
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers. Chicago: Harper & Brothers.
Lyons, J. B., & Schneider, T. R. (2005). The influence of emotional intelligence on performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 693-703.
Martocchio, J. J., & Judge. T. A. (1997). Relationship between conscientiousness and learning in employee training: mediation influences of self-deception and self-efficacy. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 764-773.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter(Eds.). Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.
Miller, V., Johnson, J., & Grau, J. (1994). Antecedents to willingness to participate in a planned organizational change. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 22, 59–80.
Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (1997). Role of goal orientation, ability, need for achievement, and locus of control in the self-efficacy and goal-setting process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 792-802.
Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamonodon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the work place: Development of a taxonomy of adaptability performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 612-624.
Pulakos, E. D., Schmitt, N., Dorsey, D. W., Arad, S., Hedge, J. W., & Borman, W. C. (2002). Predicting adaptive performance: Further tests of a model of adaptability. Human Performance, 125, 299-323.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Schutte, N. S., Schuettpelz, E., & Malouff, J. M. (2001). Emotional intelligence and task performance. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 20, 347-354.
Schwartz, S., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 580–607.
Shamir, B. (1999). Leadership in boundaryless organizations: Disposable or indispensable. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 49-71.
Schunk, D. H. (1982). Progress self-monitoring: Effects on children's self-efficacy and achievement. Journal of Experimental Education, 51, pp. 89-93.
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.). Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 19, pp.1–74). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
West, M. A., Borrill, C. S., Dawson, J. F., Brodbeck, F., Shapiro, D. A., & Haward, B. (2003). Leadership clarity and team innovation in health care. Leadership Quarterly, 14, 393-410.
Wong, C., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effect of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274.
Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 285-305.
Yukl, G. (2004). Tridimensional leadership theory: A road-map for flexible, adaptive leaders. In R. J. Burke & C. Cooper(Eds.), Leading in turbulent times(pp. 75-91). Oxford: Blackwell.
Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Yukl, G., Gordon, A., & Taber, T. (2002). A hierarchical taxonomy of leadership behavior: Integrating a half century of behavior research. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9, 15-32.
김천석, 유태용 (2005). 정서지능, 인지능력, 성격의 구성개념간 변별성과 정서지능의 과업수행, 맥락수행, 적응수행에 대한 증분타당도 검증. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 18, 271-298.
김태홍, 한태영 (2009). 적응성과 및 지속적 학습활동에 대한 학습목표성향, 실책관리풍토 및 변화지향적 팀 리더십의 영향. 인사조직연구, 17, 117-159.
안여명, 유태용 (2010). 개인 및 팀 수준에서 성격과 적응수행 간의 관계: 일반적 자기효능감의 매개효과와 변혁적 리더십의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 23, 155-179.
박문정 (2005). 종업원 적응수행에 영향을 미치는 개인차 변인 연구. 고려대학교 석사학위 논문.
조성진, 송계충 (2011). 코칭이 자기효능감, 조직유효성 및 가족관계에 미치는 영향에 관한 현장실험 연구. 인사․조직연구, 19, 201-252.
한태영 (2005a). 청소년의 학교장면 스트레스: 성격 및 정서지능의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 2, 177-179.
한태영 (2005b). 적응수행에 대한 개인 및 팀 수준의 영향: 다수준(Multilevel) 접근법의 적용. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 18, 51-77.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhi & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior(pp.11-39). Heidelberg: Springer.
Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality, and behavior. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
Allworth, E., & Hesketh, B. (1999). Construct- oriented biodata: Capturing change- related and contextually relevant future performance. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 7, 97-111.
Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 10, 123-167). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Ashforth, B. E, & Humpley, R. H. (1995). Emotion in the workforce: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48, 97-125.
Ashkanasy, N. M., Härtel, C. E. J., & Daus, C. S. (2002). Advances in organizational behavior: Diversity and emotions. Journal of Management, 28, 307-338.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change, Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive process through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 729-735.
Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American psychologist, 44, 1175-1184.
Bandura, A. (1995). Exercise of personal and collective efficacy in changing societies. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp.1-45). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Bandura, A. (1997b). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
Bandura, A., & Cervone, D. (1983). Self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms governing the motivational effects of goal systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1017-1028.
Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Charbonnier-Voirin, A., Akremi, A. E. & Vandenberghe, C. (2010). A multilevel model of transformational leadership and adaptive performance and the moderating role of climate for innovation. Group & Organization Management, 35, 699-726.
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 62-83.
Eden, D. (1992). Leadership and expectations: Pygmalion effects and other self-fulfilling prophecies in organizations. Leadership Quarterly, 3, 271-305.
Eden, D. (2001). Mean efficacy: External sources of general and specific subject efficacy. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy(pp.73-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum,
Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Prussia, G. E. (2008). Employee coping with organizational change: An examination of alternative. Personnel Psychology, 61, 1-36.
Gist, M. (1987). Self-efficacy: implications for organizational behavior and human resource management, Academy of Management Review, 12. 472-485.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., & Mckee, A. (2002). Primal leadership: Realization the power of emotional intelligences. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Griffin, B., & Hesketh, B. (2003). Adaptable behaviours for successful work and career adjustment. Australian Journal of Psychology, 55, 65-74.
Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A new model of work role performance: Positive behavior in uncertain and interdependent contexts. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 327-347.
Gundlach, M. J., Martinko, M. J., & Douglas S. C. (2003). Emotional intelligence, causal reasoning, and the self-efficacy development process. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11, 229-246.
Herold, D. M., Fedor, D. B., Caldwell, S. D, & Liu. Y. (2008). The effects of transformational and change leadership on employees' commitment to a change: A multilevel study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 346-357.
Hesketh, B., & Neal, A. (1999). Technology and performance. In D. R. Ilgen & E. D. Pulakos(Eds.), The changing nature of performance (pp. 21-55). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Johnston, H. R. (1976). A new conceptualization of source of organizational climate. Administrative Science Quarterly, 21, 95-103.
Jones, D. S. (1986). Socialization tactics, self-efficacy, and newcomers' adjustments to organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 29, 262-279.
Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters: Corporate entrepreneurs at work. London: Allen & Unwin.
Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Lawler, E. E., Hall, D. T., & Oldham, G. R. (1974). Organizational climate: Relationship to organizational structure, process, and performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 11, 139-155.
LePine, J. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Erez, A. (2000). Adaptability to changing task contexts: Effects of general cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Personnel Psychology, 53, 563-593.
Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers. Chicago: Harper & Brothers.
Lyons, J. B., & Schneider, T. R. (2005). The influence of emotional intelligence on performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 693-703.
Martocchio, J. J., & Judge. T. A. (1997). Relationship between conscientiousness and learning in employee training: mediation influences of self-deception and self-efficacy. International Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 764-773.
Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P. (1997). What is emotional intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. Sluyter(Eds.). Emotional development and emotional intelligence: Educational implications (pp. 3-31). New York: Basic Books.
Miller, V., Johnson, J., & Grau, J. (1994). Antecedents to willingness to participate in a planned organizational change. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 22, 59–80.
Phillips, J. M., & Gully, S. M. (1997). Role of goal orientation, ability, need for achievement, and locus of control in the self-efficacy and goal-setting process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 792-802.
Pulakos, E. D., Arad, S., Donovan, M. A., & Plamonodon, K. E. (2000). Adaptability in the work place: Development of a taxonomy of adaptability performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 612-624.
Pulakos, E. D., Schmitt, N., Dorsey, D. W., Arad, S., Hedge, J. W., & Borman, W. C. (2002). Predicting adaptive performance: Further tests of a model of adaptability. Human Performance, 125, 299-323.
Salovey, P., & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional intelligence. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 185-211.
Schutte, N. S., Schuettpelz, E., & Malouff, J. M. (2001). Emotional intelligence and task performance. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 20, 347-354.
Schwartz, S., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891.
Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 580–607.
Shamir, B. (1999). Leadership in boundaryless organizations: Disposable or indispensable. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 49-71.
Schunk, D. H. (1982). Progress self-monitoring: Effects on children's self-efficacy and achievement. Journal of Experimental Education, 51, pp. 89-93.
Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.). Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 19, pp.1–74). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
West, M. A., Borrill, C. S., Dawson, J. F., Brodbeck, F., Shapiro, D. A., & Haward, B. (2003). Leadership clarity and team innovation in health care. Leadership Quarterly, 14, 393-410.
Wong, C., & Law, K. S. (2002). The effect of leader and follower emotional intelligence on performance and attitude: An exploratory study. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 243-274.
Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly, 10, 285-305.
Yukl, G. (2004). Tridimensional leadership theory: A road-map for flexible, adaptive leaders. In R. J. Burke & C. Cooper(Eds.), Leading in turbulent times(pp. 75-91). Oxford: Blackwell.
Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in organizations (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Yukl, G., Gordon, A., & Taber, T. (2002). A hierarchical taxonomy of leadership behavior: Integrating a half century of behavior research. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 9, 15-32.