Malicious envy and benign envy in organization The relationships with perceived fairness, self-esteem, and counterproductive work behavior
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Feb 28, 2018
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Abstract
To improve our understanding of employees' malicious and benign envy, this study analyzes the perceived unfairness and self-esteem as precedence factors and the relationships with counterproductive work behavior as outcome variables. A total of 493 participants from 20's to 50's completed a survey for the study. The results indicate people feel malicious envy and counterproductive work behavior is increased when they perceived unfairness of envied person or their self-esteem was threatened. People feel benign envy when they perceived fairness of envied person or they experienced high on self-esteem by that person, however, it do not lead to counterproductive work behavior. Furthermore, the results show malicious envy is ambivalent emotion while benign envy is positive. Finally, theoretical and practical implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
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Kim, J., & Park, Y. (2018). Malicious envy and benign envy in organization: The relationships with perceived fairness, self-esteem, and counterproductive work behavior. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 31(1), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v31i1.103-121
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Empirical Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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박세영 (1991). 대우의 형평 지각을 결정짓는 요인들. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 4(1), 22-44.
송영훈 (2016년 5월 31일) ‘노력보단 집안’…국민 70% 사회 불공평 인식. 노컷뉴스. http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/4601586.
이정민, 신용환, 손영우 (2016). 적대적 귀인이 반생산적 과업행동에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 29(4), 491-523.
이현희, 김은정, 이민규 (2003). 한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도 (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(4), 935-946.
장진숙 (2016년 5월 24일) 직장인 66%, “직장내 부러운 동료 있다”. 데이터뉴스. http://datanews.co.kr/MOBILE/DTWork.asp?itemIDT=1002945&aID=20160524135054627.
차운아 (2009). 부러움: 한국의 “무해한 선망”. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 23(2), 171-189.
한누리 (2016). 선망의 생산적 및 반생산적 행동. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
Barclay, L. J., Skarlicki, D. P., & Pugh, S. D. (2005). Exploring the Role of Emotions in Injustice Perceptions and Retaliation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 629-643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.629
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., &Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
Ben-Ze'ev, A. (1992). Envy and inequality. The Journal of Philosophy, 551-581.
Brockner, J., Tyler, T. R., &Cooper-Schneider, R. (1992). The influence of prior commitment to an institution on reactions to perceived unfairness: The higher they are, the harder they fall. Administrative Science Quarterly, 241-261.
Brown, J. D., & Marshall, M. A. (2001). Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 575-584.
Chang, K., & Smithikrai, C. (2010). Counterproductive behaviour at work: An investigation into reduction strategies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(8), 1272-1288.
Cohen-Charash, Y., & Mueller, J. S. (2007). Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 666.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108(3), 593.
Crusius, J., & Lange, J. (2014). What catches the envious eye? Attentional biases within malicious and benign envy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 1-11.
Duffy, M. K., & Shaw, J. D. (2000). The Salieri syndrome consequences of envy in groups. Small Group Research, 31(1), 3-23.
Esposito, A. J., Kobak, R., & Little, M. (2005). Aggression and Self‐Esteem: A diary study of children's reactivity to negative interpersonal events. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 887-906.
Folger, R., & Baron, R. A. (1996). Violence and hostility at work: A model of reactions to perceived injustice. In G. R. VandenBos & E. Q. Bulatao (Eds.), Violence on the job: Identifying risks and developing solutions (pp. 51-85). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Folger, R., & Skarlicki, D. P. (1998). A popcorn metaphor for employee aggression. In R. W. Griffin & A. O’'Leary-Kelly (Eds.), Dysfunctional behavior in organizations: Violent and deviant behavior (pp. 43-81). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Foster, G. M. (1972). The anatomy of envy: A study in symbolic behavior. Current Anthropology, 13, 165-186.
Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (1999). A model of work frustration-aggression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 915-931.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., Goh, A., Bruursema, K., & Kessler, S. R. (2012). The deviant citizen: Measuring potential positive relations between counterproductive work behaviour and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(1), 199-220.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 291-309.
Greenberg, J., & Scott, K. S. (1996). Why do workers bite the hands that feed them? Employee theft as a social exchange process. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 18, pp. 111-156). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., ... & Pinel, E. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self- esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 913.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Heatherton, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2000). Interpersonal evaluations following threats to self: role of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 725.
Hegtvedt, K. A., & Killian, C. (1999). Fairness and emotions: Reactions to the process and outcomes of negotiations. Social Forces, 78(1), 269-302.
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Psychology Press: Wiley.
Hollinger, R. C., & Clark, J. P. (1982). Formal and informal social controls of employee deviance. The Sociological Quarterly, 23(3), 333-343.
Leventhal, G. S. (1976). The distribution of rewards and resources in groups and organizations. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 91-131.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224.
Mikulincer, M., Bizman, A., & Aizenberg, R. (1989). An attributional analysis of social- comparison jealousy. Motivation and Emotion, 13(4), 235-258.
Miles, D. E., Borman, W. E., Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). Building an integrative model of extra role work behaviors: A comparison of counterproductive work behavior with organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(12), 51-57.
Mouly, V. S., & Sankaran, J. K. (2002). The enactment of envy within organizations insights from a new zealand academic department. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 38(1), 36-56.
Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (1997). Aggression in the workplace. Antisocial Behavior in Organizations, 37, 67.
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justices. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Reuben, E., & van Winden, F. (2010). Fairness perceptions and prosocial emotions in the power to take. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(6), 908-922.
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sackett, P. R., & DeVore, C. J. (2001). Counterproductive behaviors at work. Handbook of Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology, 1, 145-164.
Salovey, P. (1991). Social comparison processes in envy and jealousy. In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 261-285). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984). Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 780.
Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978). The perception of envy. Social Psychology, 41, 105-117.
Simons, R. L., & Murphy, P. I. (1985). Sex differences in the causes of adolescent suicide ideation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14(5), 423-434.
Smith, R. H. (1991). Envy and the sense of injustice. The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp. 79-99). New York: Guildford Press.
Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 46-64.
Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., Ozer, D., & Moniz, A. (1994). Subjective injustice and inferiority as predictors of hostile and depressive feelings in envy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 705-711.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 269-292.
Sterling, C. M. (2013). A Tale of Two Envys: A Social Network Perspective on the Consequences of Workplace Social Comparison. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Kentucky, Lexington. USA.
Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. J. (2012). Envy as pain: Rethinking the nature of envy and its implications for employees and organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129.
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R.W. (2003). Stabilityof self-esteem across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205-220
van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy. Emotion, 9(3), 419.
van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2011). Why envy outperforms admiration. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 784-795.
Vardi, Y., & Wiener, Y. (1996). Misbehavior in organizations: A motivational framework. Organization Science, 7(2), 151-165.
Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063.
김영일, 유태용 (2008). 조직 구성원의 개인-환경 부합과 정직성이 직장 내 일탈행동에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 21(1), 27-58.
박세영 (1991). 대우의 형평 지각을 결정짓는 요인들. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 4(1), 22-44.
송영훈 (2016년 5월 31일) ‘노력보단 집안’…국민 70% 사회 불공평 인식. 노컷뉴스. http://www.nocutnews.co.kr/news/4601586.
이정민, 신용환, 손영우 (2016). 적대적 귀인이 반생산적 과업행동에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 29(4), 491-523.
이현희, 김은정, 이민규 (2003). 한국판 정적 정서 및 부적 정서 척도 (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule; PANAS)의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(4), 935-946.
장진숙 (2016년 5월 24일) 직장인 66%, “직장내 부러운 동료 있다”. 데이터뉴스. http://datanews.co.kr/MOBILE/DTWork.asp?itemIDT=1002945&aID=20160524135054627.
차운아 (2009). 부러움: 한국의 “무해한 선망”. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 23(2), 171-189.
한누리 (2016). 선망의 생산적 및 반생산적 행동. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
Barclay, L. J., Skarlicki, D. P., & Pugh, S. D. (2005). Exploring the Role of Emotions in Injustice Perceptions and Retaliation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(4), 629-643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.629
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., &Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles?. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44.
Ben-Ze'ev, A. (1992). Envy and inequality. The Journal of Philosophy, 551-581.
Brockner, J., Tyler, T. R., &Cooper-Schneider, R. (1992). The influence of prior commitment to an institution on reactions to perceived unfairness: The higher they are, the harder they fall. Administrative Science Quarterly, 241-261.
Brown, J. D., & Marshall, M. A. (2001). Self-esteem and emotion: Some thoughts about feelings. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(5), 575-584.
Chang, K., & Smithikrai, C. (2010). Counterproductive behaviour at work: An investigation into reduction strategies. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(8), 1272-1288.
Cohen-Charash, Y., & Mueller, J. S. (2007). Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate interpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 666.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108(3), 593.
Crusius, J., & Lange, J. (2014). What catches the envious eye? Attentional biases within malicious and benign envy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 1-11.
Duffy, M. K., & Shaw, J. D. (2000). The Salieri syndrome consequences of envy in groups. Small Group Research, 31(1), 3-23.
Esposito, A. J., Kobak, R., & Little, M. (2005). Aggression and Self‐Esteem: A diary study of children's reactivity to negative interpersonal events. Journal of Personality, 73(4), 887-906.
Folger, R., & Baron, R. A. (1996). Violence and hostility at work: A model of reactions to perceived injustice. In G. R. VandenBos & E. Q. Bulatao (Eds.), Violence on the job: Identifying risks and developing solutions (pp. 51-85). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Folger, R., & Skarlicki, D. P. (1998). A popcorn metaphor for employee aggression. In R. W. Griffin & A. O’'Leary-Kelly (Eds.), Dysfunctional behavior in organizations: Violent and deviant behavior (pp. 43-81). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Foster, G. M. (1972). The anatomy of envy: A study in symbolic behavior. Current Anthropology, 13, 165-186.
Fox, S., & Spector, P. E. (1999). A model of work frustration-aggression. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 915-931.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., Goh, A., Bruursema, K., & Kessler, S. R. (2012). The deviant citizen: Measuring potential positive relations between counterproductive work behaviour and organizational citizenship behaviour. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85(1), 199-220.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., & Miles, D. (2001). Counterproductive work behavior (CWB) in response to job stressors and organizational justice: Some mediator and moderator tests for autonomy and emotions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(3), 291-309.
Greenberg, J., & Scott, K. S. (1996). Why do workers bite the hands that feed them? Employee theft as a social exchange process. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 18, pp. 111-156). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Pyszczynski, T., Rosenblatt, A., Burling, J., Lyon, D., ... & Pinel, E. (1992). Why do people need self-esteem? Converging evidence that self- esteem serves an anxiety-buffering function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 913.
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Press.
Heatherton, T. F., & Vohs, K. D. (2000). Interpersonal evaluations following threats to self: role of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 725.
Hegtvedt, K. A., & Killian, C. (1999). Fairness and emotions: Reactions to the process and outcomes of negotiations. Social Forces, 78(1), 269-302.
Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Psychology Press: Wiley.
Hollinger, R. C., & Clark, J. P. (1982). Formal and informal social controls of employee deviance. The Sociological Quarterly, 23(3), 333-343.
Leventhal, G. S. (1976). The distribution of rewards and resources in groups and organizations. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 9, 91-131.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224.
Mikulincer, M., Bizman, A., & Aizenberg, R. (1989). An attributional analysis of social- comparison jealousy. Motivation and Emotion, 13(4), 235-258.
Miles, D. E., Borman, W. E., Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). Building an integrative model of extra role work behaviors: A comparison of counterproductive work behavior with organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 10(12), 51-57.
Mouly, V. S., & Sankaran, J. K. (2002). The enactment of envy within organizations insights from a new zealand academic department. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 38(1), 36-56.
Neuman, J. H., & Baron, R. A. (1997). Aggression in the workplace. Antisocial Behavior in Organizations, 37, 67.
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justices. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Reuben, E., & van Winden, F. (2010). Fairness perceptions and prosocial emotions in the power to take. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(6), 908-922.
Robinson, S. L., & Bennett, R. J. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Sackett, P. R., & DeVore, C. J. (2001). Counterproductive behaviors at work. Handbook of Industrial, Work, and Organizational Psychology, 1, 145-164.
Salovey, P. (1991). Social comparison processes in envy and jealousy. In J. Suls & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Social comparison: Contemporary theory and research (pp. 261-285). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Salovey, P., & Rodin, J. (1984). Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(4), 780.
Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978). The perception of envy. Social Psychology, 41, 105-117.
Simons, R. L., & Murphy, P. I. (1985). Sex differences in the causes of adolescent suicide ideation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14(5), 423-434.
Smith, R. H. (1991). Envy and the sense of injustice. The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp. 79-99). New York: Guildford Press.
Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 46-64.
Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., Ozer, D., & Moniz, A. (1994). Subjective injustice and inferiority as predictors of hostile and depressive feelings in envy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 705-711.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2002). An emotion-centered model of voluntary work behavior: Some parallels between counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 269-292.
Sterling, C. M. (2013). A Tale of Two Envys: A Social Network Perspective on the Consequences of Workplace Social Comparison. Doctoral Dissertation. University of Kentucky, Lexington. USA.
Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. J. (2012). Envy as pain: Rethinking the nature of envy and its implications for employees and organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129.
Trzesniewski, K. H., Donnellan, M. B., & Robins, R.W. (2003). Stabilityof self-esteem across the lifespan. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 205-220
van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy. Emotion, 9(3), 419.
van de Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., & Pieters, R. (2011). Why envy outperforms admiration. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(6), 784-795.
Vardi, Y., & Wiener, Y. (1996). Misbehavior in organizations: A motivational framework. Organization Science, 7(2), 151-165.
Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International Journal of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063.