Association Between a Global Competency and Cross-cultural Adaptation A Moderated Moderated-Mediation Effect of Career Vision
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study tried to verify how the global competency and personality characteristics of expatriates have an effect on the expatriate's work engagement and cross-cultural adaptation in a reality where the role and job performance of overseas expatriates is growing in importance. In addition, in the relationship between global competency and personality traits on cross-cultural adaptation through work engagement, this study tried to examine how career vision acts as a moderated moderated-mediation effect. The specific hypothesis tested the mediation effect of work engagement in the relationship between global competency and cross-cultural adaptation, and whether there is a moderated-mediation effect through the interaction between conscientiousness and career vision in such mediating model. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, a survey was conducted on Korean expatriates, and the final data of 164 people were analyzed. As a result, the mediation effect of global competency increasing cross-cultural adaptation through work engagement was verified. When the career vision and the conscientiousness were high, it was found that expatriates with high global competency increased their work engagement and had a positive effect on cross-cultural adaptation. However, when the career vision was low and conscientiousness was high, it was found that expatriates with high global competency had relatively low work engagement and had a negative effect on cross-cultural adaptation. Based on these results, the meaning, implications, limitations, and future research of the study were discussed.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Funding data
References
Adler, N. J. (1981). Re-entry: Managing cross-cultural transitions. Group & Organization Management, 6(3), 341-356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118100600310
Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. sage.
Ambrose, M. L., & Kulik, C. T. (1999). Old friends, new faces: Motivation research in the 1990s. Journal of management, 25(3), 231-292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500302
Andrew F. Hayes (2018) Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation, Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4-40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
Albrecht, S. L. (2013). Work engagement and the positive power of meaningful work. In Advances in positive organizational psychology. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/S2046-410X(2013)0000001013
Arthur Jr, W., & Bennett Jr, W. (1995). The international assignee: The relative importance of factors perceived to contribute to success. Personnel psychology, 48(1), 99-114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1995.tb01748.x
Bagozzi, R. P., Yi, Y., & Singh, S. (1991). On the use of structural equation models in experimental designs: two extensions, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 8, 125-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8116(91)90020-8
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of managerial psychology. 22(3), 309-328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands–resources theory. Wellbeing: A complete reference guide, 1-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell019
Bandura, A. (1997). The anatomy of stages of change. American journal of health promotion: AJHP, 12(1), 8-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.8
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 1-26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
Bandura, A., & Locke, E. A. (2003). Negative self-efficacy and goal effects revisited. Journal of applied psychology, 88(1), 87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.87
Barrick, M. R., & Mount, M. K. (2012). Nature and use of personality in selection. In N. Schmitt (Ed.), Oxford library of psychology. The Oxford handbook of personnel assessment and selection (p. 225–251). Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199732579.013.0011
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Strauss, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of applied psychology, 78(5), 715-722. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.78.5.715
Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 103-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202
Becker, T. E. (2005), Potential problems in the statistical control of variables in organizational research: A qualitative analysis with recommendations. Organizational Research Methods, 8, 274-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105278021
Becker, T. E., Atinc, G., Breaugh, J. A., Carlson, K. D., Edwards, J. R., & Spector, P. E. (2016). Statistical control in correlational studies: 10 essential recommendations for organizational researchers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37, 157-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2053
Benson, G. S., & Pattie, M. (2008). Is expatriation good for my career? The impact of expatriate assignments on perceived and actual career outcomes. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19(9), 1636-1653. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190802295058
Bhaskar-Shrinivas, P., Harrison, D. A., Shaffer, M. A., & Luk, D. M. (2005). Input-based and time-based models of international adjustment: Meta-analytic evidence and theoretical extensions. Academy of management Journal, 48(2), 257-281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2005.16928400
Bhatti, M. A., Sundram, V. P. K., & Hee, H. C. (2012). Expatriate job performance and adjustment: Role of individual and organizational factors, Journal of Business and Management, 1(1), 29-39 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12735/jbm.v1i1p29
Black, J. S. (1988). Work role transitions: A study of American expatriate managers in Japan. Journal of international business studies, 19(2), 277-294. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490383
Black, J. S. (1992). Coming Home: The-Relationship of Expatriate Expectations with Repatriation Adjustment and Job Performance. Human Relations, 45(2), 177-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679204500205
Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1991). Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment for expatriates in Pacific Rim assignments. Human relations, 44(5), 497-515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679104400505
Black, J. S., Gregersen, H. B., & Mendenhall, M. E. (1992). Toward a theoretical framework of repatriation adjustment. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(4), 737-760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490286
Black J. S, & Mendenhall, M. (1989). A practical but theory-based framework for selecting cross-cultural training methods. Human Resource Management. 28(4), 511–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930280406
Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. R. (1991). Towards a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives, Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291-317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4278938
Black, J. S., Gregersen, H. B., & Chang, Y. C.(1991). HR Report, Seoul: LG Academy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1991.4976632
Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989), The influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment and intent to stay in Pacific Rim overseas assignments, Journal of management, 15(4), 529-544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638901500403
Bolino, M. C., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). The antecedents and consequences of underemployment among expatriates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21(8), 889-911 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1379(200012)21:8<889::AID-JOB60>3.0.CO;2-G
Boomsma, A. (2000), Reporting analyses of covariance structures. Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal, 7, 461-481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0703_6
Bretz, Jr., R. D., Boudreau, J. W., & Judge, T. A. (1994), ‘Job Search Behavior of Employed Managers,’ Personnel Psychology, 47(2), 275–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1994.tb01725.x
Brookfield Global Relocation Services (BGRS) (2010). Global Relocation Trends: 2010 Survey Report. Woodridge, IL: Brookfield Global Relocation Services.
Brookfield (2014). Global Relocation Trends: 2013 Survey Report. Morristown, NJ: Brookfield Global Relocation Services.
Caligiuri, P. M. (2000). The big five personality characteristics as predictors of expatriate's desire to terminate the assignment and supervisor‐rated performance. Personnel psychology, 53(1), 67-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2000.tb00194.x
Campbell, J. P. (1976). Psychometric theory. In M. D. Dunnette(Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Campbell, J. P. (1990). Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial and organizational psychology.
Campbell, J. P. (1994). Alternative models of job performance and their implications for selection and classification. In M. G. Rumsey, C. B. Walker, & J. H. Harris(Eds.), Personnel selection and classification(pp. 33-51). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
Carpenter, M. A., Sanders, W. G., & Gregersen, H. B. (2001). Bundling human capital with organizational context: The impact of international assignment experience on multinational firm performance and CEO pay. Academy of management journal, 44(3), 493-511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/3069366
Chen, M. (2019). The impact of expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment on work stress and job involvement in the high-tech industry. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02228
Chen, G., Casper, W. J., & Cortina, J. M. (2001). The roles of self-efficacy and task complexity in the relationships among cognitive ability, conscientiousness, and work-related performance: A meta-analytic examination. Human performance, 14(3), 209-230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1403_1
Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., Kim, K., Farh, C. I., & Tangirala, S. (2010). When does cross-cultural motivation enhance expatriate effectiveness? A multilevel investigation of the moderating roles of subsidiary support and cultural distance. Academy of Management journal, 53(5), 1110-1130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.54533217
Christian, M. S., Garza, A. S., & Slaughter, J. E. (2011). Work engagement: A quantitative review and test of its relations with task and contextual performance. Personnel psychology, 64(1), 89-136. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01203.x
Claus, L., Lungu, A. P., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2011). The effects of individual, organizational and societal variables on the job performance of expatriate managers. International Journal of Management, 28(1), 249.
Conger, J. A. (1999). Charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations: An insider's perspective on these developing streams of research. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 145-179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00012-0
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic leadership in organizations. Sage Publications DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452204932
Copeland, L., Griggs, L., & Copeland, J. (1985). Going international: How to make friends and deal effectively in the global marketplace. Random House Incorporated.
Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 23(6), 435-462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
Daily, C.M., Certo, S.T., and Dalton, D.R. (1996), ‘International Experience in the Executive Suite: The Path to Prosperity?,’ Strategic Management Journal, 21, 515–523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200004)21:4<515::AID-SMJ92>3.0.CO;2-1
Dawson, J. F., & Richter, A. W. (2006). Probing three-way interactions in moderated multiple regression: development and application of a slope difference test. Journal of applied psychology, 91(4), 917-926. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.4.917
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2011). The job demands-resources model: Challenges for future research. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 37(2), 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v37i2.974
Doherty, N., Dickmann, M., & Mills, T. (2011). Exploring the motives of company-backed and self-initiated expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(03), 595-611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.543637
Donnellan, M. B., Baird, F. L., & Lucas, R. E. (2006), The mini-ipip scales: Tiny-yet- effective measures of the Big Five factors of personality, Psychological Assessment, 18, 192-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192
Egan, M., and Bendick, J. M. (1994), ‘International Business Careers in the United States: Salaries, Advancement and Male-female Differences,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(1), 33–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585199400000002
Feldman, D. C., & Thomas, D. C. (1992). Career management issues facing expatriates. Journal of international business studies, 23(2), 271-293. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490268
Firth, B. M., Chen, G., Kirkman, B. L., & Kim, K. (2014). Newcomers abroad: Expatriate adaptation during early phases of international assignments. Academy of Management Journal, 57(1), 280-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.0574
Forster, N. (1997). 'The persistent myth of high expatriate failure rates': a reappraisal. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 414-433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/095851997341531
Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American psychologist, 56(3), 218. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
Frese, M., Fay, D., Hulburber, T., Leng, K., & Tag, A. (1997). The concept of personal initiative: Operationalization, reliability and validity in two German samples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 139-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00639.x
Gertsen, M. C. (1990). Intercultural competence and expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 1(3), 341-362. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585199000000054
Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. (1996). Multiple commitments upon repatriation: The Japanese experience. Journal of Management, 22(2), 209-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639602200202
Hackman,J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Halbesleben, J. R., & Wheeler, A. R. (2008). The relative roles of engagement and embeddedness in predicting job performance and intention to leave. Work & Stress, 22(3), 242-256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802383962
Han, D. W. (1983). 조직행동의 동기이론. Seoul: Bobmunsa.
Harari, M. B., Reaves, A. C., Beane, D. A., Laginess, A. J., & Viswesvaran, C. (2018). Personality and expatriate adjustment: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 91(3), 486-517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12215
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Hayes, T. L. (2002). Business-unit-level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(2), 268–279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.2.268
Haslberger, A., & Dickmann, M. (2016). The correspondence model of cross-cultural adjustment: exploring exchange relationships. Journal of global mobility: The home of expatriate management research. 4(3), 276-299. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JGM-05-2016-0021
Hechanova, R., Beehr, T. A., & Christiansen, N. D. (2003). Antecedents and consequences of employees’ adjustment to overseas assignment: a meta‐analytic review. Applied psychology, 52(2), 213-236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00132
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hobfoll, S. E., Johnson, R. J., Ennis, N., & Jackson, A. P. (2003). Resource loss, resource gain, and emotional outcomes among inner city women. Journal of personality and social psychology, 84(3), 632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.632
Hollenbeck, J. R., Brief, A. P., Whitener, E. M., & Pauli, K. E. (1988). An empirical note on the interaction of personality and aptitude in personnel selection. Journal of Management, 14(3), 441-451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638801400307
Huang, T. J., Chi, S. C., & Lawler, J. J. (2005). The relationship between expatriates' personality traits and their adjustment to international assignments. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(9), 1656-1670. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190500239325
Ichikawa, E., & Kim, Y. J. (2018). The impact of individual and job factors on expatriates’ work adjustment and job performance: A study of japanese expatriates in korea, Korean Journal of Organization and Management, 26(2), 53-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26856/kjom.2018.26.2.53
Ilgen, D. R., & Pulakos, E. D. (1999). The Changing Nature of Performance: Implications for Staffing, Motivation, and Development. Frontiers of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers, 350 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA 94104.
Jun, S. K., & Park, J. S, (2000). Uncertainty reduction and satisfaction with staying in the host country in cultural adaptation process of business expatriates, Korean Management Review, 29(2), 197-212.
Kahn, W. A. (1990). Psychological conditions of personal engagement and disengagement at work. Academy of management journal, 33(4), 692-724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/256287
Kim, Y. S., Park, S. R., & Roh, S. C. (2019). The effects of expatriates’ personality trait on job performance: Mediating effects of Global Competency and cross-cultural adaptation. Korean Journal of Organization and Management, 43, 155-186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36459/jom.2019.43.4.155
Kline, R. B. (2011), Principles and Practice of structural equation modeling(3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Kour, S., & Jyoti, J. (2021). Cross-cultural training and adjustment through the lens of cultural intelligence and type of expatriates. Employee Relations: The International Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-07-2020-0355
Kraimer, M., Bolino, M., & Mead, B. (2016). Themes in expatriate and repatriate research over four decades: What do we know and what do we still need to learn?. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 83-109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062437
Kraimer, M. L., Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Ren, H. (2012). No place like home? An identity strain perspective on repatriate turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 55(2), 399-420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0644
Kraimer, M. L., Wayne, S. J., & Jaworski, R. A. A. (2001). Sources of support and expatriate performance: The mediating role of expatriate adjustment. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 71-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00086.x
Latham, G. P. (2012). Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Sage. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506335520
Lazarova, M., & Caligiuri, P. (2001). Retaining repatriates: The role of organizational support practices. Journal of world business, 36(4), 389-401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(01)00063-3
Lazarova, M. B., & Cerdin, J. L. (2007). Revisiting repatriation concerns: Organizational support versus career and contextual influences. Journal of International Business Studies, 38(3), 404-429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400273
Lazarova, M., Westman, M., & Shaffer, M. A. (2010). Elucidating the positive side of the work-family interface on international assignments: A model of expatriate work and family performance. Academy of Management Review, 35(1), 93-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2010.45577883
Lee, L. Y., & Sukoco, B. M. (2010). The effects of cultural intelligence on expatriate performance: The moderating effects of international experience. The international journal of human resource management, 21(7), 963-981. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585191003783397
Li, X. T., & Song, K. C. (2012). The mediating role of cultural adaptation in the relationship among cultural intelligence, job satisfaction and job performance, Korean journal of Resources Development, 15(2), 75- 100.
Lim, J. S., & Park, S. M. (2018). Pre-departure training, Organizational support, adjustment and job performance commitment of expatriate construction managers, Journal of Corporate Education and Talent Research, 20(2), 57-76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46260/KSLP.20.2.3
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Luthans, F. (2002). The need for and meaning of positive organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 23(6), 695-706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.165
Maier, N. R. F. 1958. Psychology in industry. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Magnusson, P., & Boggs, D.J. (2006), ‘International Experience and CEO Selection: An Empirical Study,’ Journal of International Management, 12(1), 107–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intman.2006.01.002
Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998), The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies, Communication Reports, 11(1), 1-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08934219809367680
Matsumoto, D., LeRoux, J., Ratzlaff, C., Tatani, H., Uchida, H., Kim, C., & Araki, S. (2001). Development and validation of a measure of intercultural adjustment potential in japanese sojourners: the Intercultural Adjustment Potential Scale(ICAPS). International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 483-510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(01)00019-0
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. -H. R. (2002), Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses, Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64-82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
McSheehy, W. (2001), ‘Out of Sight Out of mind? Beware the Brain Drain,’ Corporate Location, 46–48.
Mendenhall, M. (2001), ‘New Perspectives on Expatriate Adjustment and its Relationship to Global Leadership Development,’ Developing Global Business Leaders: Policies, Processes, and Innovation, Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Mendenhall, M. E., Kuhlman, T. M., Stahl, G. K., & Osland, J. S. (2002), Employee development and expatriate assignments, In M. Gannon and F. Newman (eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural management, Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishers, 155-183. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405164030.ch9
Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of management review, 10(1), 39-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1985.4277340
Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1986). Acculturation profiles of expatriate managers: Implications for cross-cultural training programs. Columbia journal of world business, 21(4), 73-79.
Mischel, W., & Shoda, Y. (1995). A cognitive-affective system theory of personality: Reconceptualizing situations, dispositions, dynamics, and invariance in personality structure. Psychological Review, 102(2), 246-268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.246
Mol, S. T., Born, M. P., Willemsen, M. E., & Van Der Molen, H. T. (2005). Predicting expatriate job performance for selection purposes: A quantitative review. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(5), 590-620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105278544
Mount, M. K., Barrick, M. R., & Strauss, J. P. (1999). The joint relationship of conscientiousness and ability with performance: Test of the interaction hypothesis. Journal of Management, 25(5), 707-721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500505
Mowday, R. T., Porter, L. W., & Steers, R. M. (2013). Employee—organization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press.
Nadler, D. A., & Lawler, E. (1977). Motivating individuals in organizational settings. Perspectives on behavior in organizations (np). New York, New York: McGraw-Hill.
Nicholson, N., & Imaizumi, A. (1993). The adjustment of Japanese expatriates to living and working in Britain. British Journal of Management, 4(2), 119-134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.1993.tb00052.x
Oddou, G.R., and Mendenhall, M.E. (1991), ‘Succession Planning for the 21st Century: How Well Are We Grooming our Expatriates?,’ Business Horizons, 34(1), 26–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90078-A
Oh, H., & Lee, S. M. (2015). A study on expatriate cross-cultural motivation and international boundary spanning. Korean Journal of Organization and Management, 23(4), 61-88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14365/ibj.2015.26.4.3
Oh, I. S., Wang, G., & Mount, M. K. (2011). Validity of observer ratings of the five-factor model of personality traits: a meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021832
Phillips, J. M., Gully, S. M., McCarthy, J. E., Castellano, W. G., & Kim, M. S. (2014). Recruiting global travelers: The role of global travel recruitment messages and individual differences in perceived fit, attraction, and job pursuit intentions. Personnel Psychology, 67(1), 153-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12043
Ployhart, R. E., Schneider, B., & Schmitt, N. (2006). Staffing organizations: Contemporary practice and theory. Mahwah, NJ:Erlbaum. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439847053
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Pryor, R. G., & Bright, J. E. (2006). Counseling chaos: Techniques for practitioners. Journal of Employment counseling, 43(1), 9-17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2006.tb00001.x
Reiche, B. S., Kraimer, M. L., & Harzing, A. W. (2011). Why do international assignees stay? An organizational embeddedness perspective. Journal of International Business Studies, 42(4), 521-544. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2011.5
Ren, H., Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Fu, C., & Fodchuk, K. M. (2014). Reactive adjustment or proactive embedding? Multistudy, multiwave evidence for dual pathways to expatriate retention. Personnel Psychology, 67(1), 203-239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12034
Riusala, K., & Suutari, V. (2000). Expatriation and careers: Perspectives of expatriates and spouses. Career Development International, 5(2), 81-90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430010318945
Roh, S. C., Jung, H. S., & Suh, Y. W. (2012). Development and Validation of the Global Competency Scale(GCS). Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 25(4), 801-831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v25i4.801-831
Roth, K. (1995). ‘Managing International Interdependence: CEO Characteristics in a Resource-based Framework,’ Academy of Management Journal, 38, 200–231. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/256733
Salgado, J. F., & Bastida, M. (2017). Predicting expatriate effectiveness: The role of personality, cross-cultural adjustment, and organizational support, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 25, 267-275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12178
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2010). Defining and measuring work engagement: Bringing clarity to the concept. Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research, 12, 10-24.
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., González-Romá, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness studies, 3(1), 71-92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015630930326
Schell, M. S., & Solomon, C. M. (1997). Capitalizing on the global workforce: A strategic guide to expatriate management. Irwin Professional Pub.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings. Psychological bulletin, 124(2), 262-274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262
Selmer, J. (1999). ‘Effects of coping strategies on sociocultural and psychological adjustment of western expatriate managers in the PRC’, Journal of World Business, 34, 41–51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(99)00006-1
Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2012). Reasons to expatriate and work outcomes of self‐initiated expatriates. Personnel Review. 41(5), 665-684. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/00483481211249166
Selmer, J., & Lauring, J. (2016). Work engagement and intercultural adjustment. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 16(1), 33-51. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595815622491
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(3), 557-581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490083
Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Gregersen, H., Black, J. S., & Ferzandi, L. A. (2006). You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied psychology, 91(1), 109-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.1.109
Shaffer, M. A., Kraimer, M. L., Chen, Y. P., & Bolino, M. C. (2012). Choices, challenges, and career consequences of global work experiences: A review and future agenda. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1282-1327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312441834
Shen, C. H., & Han, I. S. (2012). Antecedents to cross-cultural adjustment for korean expatriates in china assignments. Korean Journal of Resources Development, 15(1), 153-181.
Shen, Y., & Kram, K. E. (2011). Expatriates' developmental networks: network diversity, base, and support functions. Career Development International, 16(6), 528-552. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431111178317
Shin, H. J., & Park, S. M. (2017). Research trends on the corporate expatriates: Analysis of research topics found in domestic and overseas academic journals published, Journal of Corporate Education and Talent Research, 19(2), 159-180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46260/KSLP.19.2.7
Sikkel, D. (1985). Models for memory effects, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 80, 835-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1985.10478191
Sokro, E., Pillay, S., & Bednall, T. (2021). The effects of perceived organisational support on expatriate adjustment, assignment completion and job satisfaction. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958211061007 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/14705958211061007
Solomon, C. M. (1995). Repatriation: up, down or out?. PERSONNEL JOURNAL-BALTIMORE THEN COSTA MESA-, 74, 28-28.
Suutari, V., and Brewster, C. (2003). ‘Repatriation: Empirical Evidence from a Longitudinal Study of Careers and Expectations among Finnish Expatriates,’ International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(7), 1132–1151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0958519032000114200
Suutari, V., Brewster, C., Mäkelä, L., Dickmann, M., & Tornikoski, C. (2018). The effect of international work experience on the career success of expatriates: A comparison of assigned and self‐initiated expatriates. Human Resource Management, 57(1), 37-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21827
Suutari, V., & Välimaa, K. (2002). Antecedents of repatriation adjustment: New evidence from Finnish repatriates. International Journal of Manpower. 23(7), 617-634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720210450798
Stahl, G. K., Miller, E. L., & Tung, R. L. (2002). Toward the boundaryless career: A closer look at the expatriate career concept and the perceived implications of an international assignment. Journal of World Business, 37(3), 216-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(02)00080-9
Stirin Tzur, K., Ganzach, Y., & Pazy, A. (2016). On the positive and negative effects of self-efficacy on performance: Reward as a moderator. Human Performance, 29(5), 362-377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2016.1192631
Stroh, L. K., Gregersen, H. B., & Black, J. S. (1998). Closing the gap: Expectations versus reality among repatriates. Journal of world business, 33(2), 111-124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(98)90001-3
Takeuchi, R. (2010). A critical review of expatriate adjustment research through a multiple stakeholder view: Progress, emerging trends, and prospects. Journal of management, 36(4), 1040-1064. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309349308
The JoongAng (2020), 주재원 다녀오면 아파트 한채? ‘아토피만 생겼다’ Lee S. A.
Tung, R.L. (1998), ‘American Expatriates Abroad: From Neophytes to Cosmopolitans,’ Journal of World Business, 33(2), 125–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1090-9516(98)90002-5
Vancouver, J. B., & Kendall, L. N. (2006). When self-efficacy negatively relates to motivation and performance in a learning context. Journal of applied psychology, 91(5), 1146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1146
Vancouver, J. B., More, K. M., & Yoder, R. J. (2008). Self-efficacy and resource allocation: support for a nonmonotonic, discontinuous model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(1), 35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.35
Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H., Soenens, B., & Lens, W. (2010). Capturing autonomy, competence, and relatedness at work: Construction and initial validation of the Work‐related Basic Need Satisfaction scale. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 83(4), 981-1002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/096317909X481382
van der Heijden, J. A., van Engen, M. L., & Paauwe, J. (2009). Expatriate career support: Predicting expatriate turnover and performance. The international journal of human resource management, 20(4), 831-845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190902770745
Van Der Zee, K. I., & Van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2000). The Multicultural Personality Questionnaire: A multidimensional instrument of multicultural effectiveness. European journal of personality, 14(4), 291-309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-0984(200007/08)14:4<291::AID-PER377>3.0.CO;2-6
Wright, P. M., Kacmar, K. M., McMahan, G. C., & Deleeuw, K. (1995). P= f (MXA): Cognitive ability as a moderator of the relationship between personality and job performance. Journal of Management, 21(6), 1129-1139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639502100606
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. N.Y: John Wiley & Sons.
Vroom, V. H. (1995). Work and motivation(2nd ed.). New York, NY:Wiley.
Welch, D. (1998, June). The psychological contract and expatriation: A disturbing issue for IHRM. In 6th Conference on International Human Resource Management, University of Paderborn (Vol. 22).
West, S. G., Taylor, A. B., & Wu, W. (2012). Model fit and model selection in structural equation modeling, In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Handbook of Structural Equation Modeling, New York, NY: The Guildford Press, 209-231.
Yan, A., Zhu, G., & Hall, D. T. (2002). International assignments for career building: A model of agency relationships and psychological contracts. Academy of Management Review, 27(3), 373-391. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2002.7389910
Zhu, J., Wanberg, C. R., Harrison, D. A., & Diehn, E. W. (2016). Ups and downs of the expatriate experience? Understanding work adjustment trajectories and career outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(4), 549. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000073