A Preliminary Validation Study for the Korean version of the Burnout Assessment Tool (K-BAT)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Some issues on constructs of MBI-GS in the burnout study has been risen. Schaufeli’s team(2019) invented the new measure of Burnout Assessment Tool(BAT) as the second version of burnout inventory, which covers the problematic issues. The present study aimed to validate the BAT among the South Korean sample. The one among 23 items of BAT were excluded based on an exploratory factor analysis using 367 South Korean employees. A four-factor structure of K-BAT (i.e., exhaustion, mental distance, impaired cognitive control, impaired emotional control) was supported by a confirmatory factor analysis using a different 345 employees. Validity tests for a convergence and a discriminativeness were tested by applying the MTMM(Multi-Traits Multi-Methods) model, along with a correlation analysis with MBI. For external discriminative validity, engagement was used. A sequential test for a criterion validity both with demands of workload and role ambiguity and with outcomes of turnover intention and depression was conducted. A convergence, an external discriminative, and a criterion validity were supported respectively, whereas an internal discriminative validity with MBI not supported. Implications and the directions for a consequential study were discussed, with considering the present study as an initial study for validating K-BAT.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Funding data
References
Ahola, K., Honkonen, T., Isometsä, E., Kalimo, R., Nykyri, E., Aromaa, A., & Lönnqvist, J. (2005). The relationship between job-related burnout and depressive disorders-results from the Finnish health 2000 study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 88(1), 55-62.https://doi.org:/10.1016/j.jad.2005.06.004
Aktas, M., Gelfand, M. J., & Hanges, P. J. (2016). Cultural tightness-looseness and perceptions of effective leadership. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(2), 294-309.https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022115606802
Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 549-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007
Armon, G., Shirom, A., Shapira, I., & Melamed, S. (2008). On the nature of burnout-insomnia relationships: a prospective study of employed adults. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65, 5-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.01.012
Baddeley, A. D., & Logie, R. H. (1999). Working memory: The multiple-component model. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory (pp. 28-61). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139174909.005
Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2008). Positive organizational behavior: Engaged employees in flourishing organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 147-154.https://doi.org/10.1002/job.515
Boersma, K., & Lindblom, K. (2009). Stability and change in burnout profiles over time: A prospective study in the working population. Work & Stress, 23(3), 264-283.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370903265860
Bresό, E., Salanova, M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). In search of the “third dimension” of burnout: Efficacy or inefficacy? Applied Psychology, 56(3), 460-478.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00290.x
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods & Research, 21(2), 230-258.https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological bulletin, 56(2), 81-105.https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
Cheng, J. C., & Yi, O. (2018). Hotel employee job crafting, burnout, and satisfaction: The moderating role of perceived organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 72, 78-85.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.01.005
Cho, S., Lee, M., Lee, J., & Lee, S. M. (2018). Study on academic burnout and engagement among highschool students: Applying the job demands-resources model. The Korea Educational Review, 24(3), 1-26.https://doi.org/10.29318/KER.24.3.1
Cho, S., Noh, H., Yang, E., Lee, J., Lee, N., Schaufeli, W. B., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Examining the job demands-resources model in a sample of Korean correctional officers. Current Psychology, 1-14.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00620-8
Chon, K. K., Choi, S. C., & Yang, B. C. (2001). Integrated adaptation of CES-D in Korea. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6(1), 59-76.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155-159.https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
De Beer, L. T., Schaufeli, W. B., De Witte, H., Hakanen, J. J., Shimazu, A., Glaser, J., ... & Rudnev, M. (2020). Measurement Invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Across Seven Cross-National Representative Samples. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5604.doi:10.3390/ijerph17155604
de Beer, L. T., & Bianchi, R. (2019). Confirmatory factor analysis of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A Bayesian structural equation modeling approach. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 35(2), 217-224.https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000392
Deligkaris, P., Panagopoulou, E., Montgomery, A. J., & Masoura, E. (2014). Job burnout and cognitive functioning: A systematic review. Work & stress, 28(2), 107-123.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2014.909545
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands- resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied psychology, 86(3), 499-512.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Vardakou, I., & Kantas, A. (2003). The convergent validity of two burnout instruments: A multitrait- multimethod analysis. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 19(1), 12-23.https://doi.org/10.1027//1015-5759.19.1.12
Diestel, S., Cosmar, M., & Schmidt, K. H. (2013). Burnout and impaired cognitive functioning: The role of executive control in the performance of cognitive tasks. Work & Stress, 27(2), 164-180.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2013.790243
Dunford, B. B., Shipp, A. J., Boss, R. W., Angermeier, I., & Boss, A. D. (2012). Is burnout static or dynamic? A career transition perspective of employee burnout trajectories. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 637-650. DOI: 10.1037/a0027060.
Farrell, A. M. (2010). Insufficient discriminant validity: A comment on Bove, Pervan, Beatty, and Shiu (2009). Journal of business research, 63(3), 324-327.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.05.003
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn‐out. Journal of social issues, 30(1), 159-165.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
Fried, Y., Shirom, A., Gilboa, S., & Cooper, C. L. (2008). The mediating effects of job satisfaction and propensity to leave on role stress-job performance relationships: Combining meta-analysis and structural equation modeling. International Journal of Stress Management, 15(4), 305-328.DOI:10.1037/a0013932
García-Arroyo, J., & Osca Segovia, A. (2018). Effect sizes and cut-off points: a meta-analytical review of burnout in latin American countries. Psychology, health & medicine, 23(9), 1079-1093.https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2018.1469780
Grossi, G., Perski, A., Osika, W., & Savic, I. (2015). Stress‐related exhaustion disorder- clinical manifestation of burnout? A review of assessment methods, sleep impairments, cognitive disturbances, and neuro‐biological and physiological changes in clinical burnout. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 56(6), 626- 636. http://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12251
Han, J. (2012). Comparison between Regular Workers and Contingent Workers of Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Hotel Industry. Journal of Digital Convergence, 10(11), 503-513.
Hakanen, J. J., Schaufeli, W. B., & Ahola, K. (2008). The Job Demands-Resources model: A three-year cross-lagged study of burnout, depression, commitment, and work engagement. Work & Stress, 22(3), 224-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802379432
Halbesleben, J. R. (2006). Sources of social support and burnout: a meta-analytic test of the conservation of resources model. Journal of applied Psychology, 91(5), 1134-1145.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1134
Heo, C., Lee, C., Shin, K. H., & Lee, J. H. (2010). The Effect of Extraversion and Neuroticism on Emotional Exhaustion: Mediating Effect of Coping Strategies. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 15(3), 445-462.https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2010.15.3.005
Hong, S. (2000). The Criteria for Selecting Appropriate Fit indices in Structural Equation Modeling and Their Rationales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 161-177.
Hong, S., Malik, M. L., & Lee, M. K. (2003). Testing configural, metric, scalar, and latent mean invariance across genders in sociotropy and autonomy using non-western sample. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 63(4), 636-654.https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164403251332
Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. ISSN 1477-7029
Hu, N. C., Chen, J. D., & Cheng, T. J. (2016). The associations between long working hours, physical inactivity, and burnout. Journal of occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(5), 514-518.https://doi.org/10.1097/jom.0000000000000715
Hwang, S., Lee, H., & Park, H. (2018). The Effects of Surface Acting toward Supervisor on Employee Burnout: Neuroticism as a Moderator. The Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 31(2), 387-408.https://doi.org/10.24230/ksiop.31.2.201805.387
Jonsdottir, I. H., Nordlund, A., Ellbin, S., Ljung, T., Glise, K., Währborg, P., ... & Wallin, A. (2017). Working memory and attention are still impaired after three years in patients with stress‐related exhaustion. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 58(6), 504-509.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12394
Kang, K. W. & Jang, J. Y. (2016). The Structural Relationship among Work Overload, Psychological Detachment, Work-Family Conflict and Life Satisfaction on Married workers. Korean Journal of Counseling, 17(3), 419-440.https://doi.org/10.15703/kjc.17.3.201606.419
Kim, I., & Heo, C. (2007). Effect of Psychological Acceptance on Burnout: Direct effect on burnout & moderating effect with Big 5, Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 12(3), 547-572.https://doi.org/10.17315/kjhp.2007.12.3.005
Kim, M., Kim, Y., & Lee, S. (2014). The Relationships between Emotional Labor and Job-related Variables: Meta-analysis, The Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 27(4), 683-720.https://doi.org/10.24230/ksiop.27.4.201411.683
Kim, Y., & Park, H. (2014). A Meta-analytic study of the relationship between role stressor and burnout, Contemporary Social Science Studies, 18, 61-71.
Kleijweg, J. H., Verbraak, M. J., & Van Dijk, M. K. (2013). The clinical utility of the Maslach Burnout Inventory in a clinical population. Psychological Assessment, 25(2), 435-441.DOI:10.1037/a0031334
Kwon, K., & Kim, T. (2020). An integrative literature review of employee engagement and innovative behavior: Revisiting the JD-R model. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2), 100704.Doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100704
Lee, M., Lee, K. J., Lee, S. M., & Cho, S. (2020). From emotional exhaustion to cynicism in academic burnout among Korean high school students: Focusing on the mediation effects of hatred of academic work. Stress and Health. 36(3), 376-383. doi.org/10.1002/smi.2936
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1993). A further examination of managerial burnout: Toward an integrated model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 3-20.https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140103
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of applied Psychology, 81(2), 123-133.https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123
Lee, R. T., Seo, B., Hladkyj, S., Lovell, B. L., & Schwartzmann, L. (2013). Correlates of physician burnout across regions and specialties: a meta-analysis. Human Resources for Health, 11(1), 48-63.https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-11-48
Lee, S. K. (2013). A Study on the Relationship between Work Family Conflict and Turnover Intention: The Case of Flexible Working. Master’s Dissertation. University of Seoul: Seoul.
Lee, S. M., Baker, C. R., Cho, S. H., Heckathorn, D. E., Holland, M. W., Newgent, R. A., Ogle, N. T., Powell, M. L., Quinn, S. L., Wallace, S. L., & Yu, K. (2007). Development and initial psychometrics of the Counselor Burnout Inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 40(3), 142-154.https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2007.11909811
Lee, S. M., Cho, S. H., Kissinger, D., & Ogle, N. T. (2010). A typology of burnout in professional counselors. Journal of counseling & development, 88(2), 131-138.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00001.x
Lesener, T., Gusy, B., & Wolter, C. (2019). The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33(1), 76-103.doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2018.1529065
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on psychological science, 5(4), 420-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610375557.
Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., Leiter, M. P., Schaufeli, W. B., and Schwab, R. L. (2017). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, 4th Edn. Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
Mehrotra, J., & Gebeke, D. (1992). Emerging Factors in Work/Family Interference. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the National Council on Family Relations (54th, Orlando, FL, November 5-10, 1992).
Mitchell, J. O. (1981). The effect of intentions, tenure, personal, and organizational variables on managerial turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 24(4), 742-751.https://doi.org/10.2307/256173
Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive psychology, 41(1), 49-100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
Moore, J. E. (2000). One Road to Turnover: An Examination of Work Exhaustion in Technology Professionals. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 141-168. https://doi.org/10.2307/3250982
Nimnuan, C., Hotopf, M., & Wessely, S. (2001). Medically unexplained symptoms: an epidemiological study in seven specialities. Journal of psychosomatic research, 51(1), 361-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(01)00223-9
Paik, S. J. (2016). Structural relationship among job crafting, work engagement and change-oriented behavior. Doctoral Dissertation, Chung-Ang University: Seoul.
Park, C., & Jung, S. (2017). The influence of adaptability for uncertainty on turnover intention and the serial multiple mediating effect of role ambiguity and job satisfaction, The Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 30(2), 177-194.https://doi.org/10.24230/ksiop.30.2.201705.177
Park, H., Nam, S., & Yang, E. (2011). Relationships of Burnout with Job Attitudes and Turnover Intention among Koreans: A Meta-Analysis, The Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24(3), 457-491. https://doi.org/10.24230/ksiop.24.3.201108.457
Park, J. M. (2009). The effect of role ambiguity and role conflict on job insecurity and organizational commitment among office workers in the financial institutions. Master’s Dissertation, Korea University: Seoul.
Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative science quarterly, 15(2), 150-163.https://doi.org/10.2307/2391486
Sakakibara, K., Shimazu, A., Toyama, H., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2020). Validation of the Japanese Version of the Burnout Assessment Tool. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 1819. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01819
Salanova, M., Del Líbano, M., Llorens, S., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2014). Engaged, workaholic, burned‐out or just 9‐to‐5? Toward a typology of employee well‐being. Stress and Health, 30(1), 71-81. DOI: 10.1002/smi.2499
Salvagioni, D. A. J., Melanda, F. N., Mesas, A. E., Gonzάlez, A. D., Gabani, F. L., & de Andrade, S. M. (2017). Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLoS ONE, 12(10), Article e0185781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185781
Sandstrőm, A., Rhodin, I. N., Lundberg, M., Olsson, T., & Nyberg, L. (2005). Impaired cognitive performance in patients with chronic burnout syndrome. Biological psychology, 69(3), 271-279.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.08.003
Schaufeli, W. B. (2018). Professional Burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Boca Raton: CRC Press.https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203741825
Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(3), 293-315.https://doi.org/10.1002/job.248
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., Hoogduin, K., Schaap, C., & Kladler, A. (2001). On the clinical validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Burnout Measure. Psychology & health, 16(5), 565-582.doi:10.1080/08870440108405527
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and psychological measurement, 66(4), 701-716.https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Schaufeli, W. B., De Witte, H. & Desart, S. (2019). Manual Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT). KU Leuven, Belgium: Unpublished internal report.
Schaufeli, W. B., Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1996). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Test Manual (3rd ed.) Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA.
Schaufeli, W. B., Maassen, G. H., Bakker, A. B., & Sixma, H. J. (2011). Stability and change in burnout: A 10‐year follow‐up study among primary care physicians. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(2), 248-267.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02013.x
Schaufeli, W. B., Salanova, M., Gonzάlez-Romά, V., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). The measurement of engagement and burnout: A two sample confirmatory factor analytic approach. Journal of Happiness studies, 3(1), 71-92.https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015630930326
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2005). The conceptualization and measurement of burnout: Common ground and worlds apart. Work & Stress, 19(3), 256-262.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500385913
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. In Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: A transdisciplinary approach. (pp. 43-68). Dordrecht: Springer.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4
Schaufeli, W. B., & Van Dierendonck, D. (1995). A cautionary note about the cross-national and clinical validity of cut-off points for the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Psychological reports, 76(3_suppl), 1083-1090.https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3c.1083
Schwarzer, R., Schmitz, G. S., & Tang, C. (2000). Teacher burnout in Hong Kong and Germany: A cross-cultural validation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 13(3), 309-326.http://doi.org/10.1080/10615800008549268
Shanafelt, T. D., Hasan, O., Dyrbye, L. N., Sinsky, C., Satele, D., Sloan, J., & West, C. P. (2015, December). Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2014. In Mayo clinic proceedings (Vol. 90, No. 12, pp. 1600-1613). Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023
Shin, K., Hahn, Y., Kim, W., & Kim, W. (2008). Emotional Labor and Job Burnout and Job Engagement: The Moderating Effect of Emotional Intelligence, The Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 21(3), 475-491.https://doi.org/10.24230/ksiop.21.3.200808.475
Shin, K. H. (2003). The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey(MBI-GS): An Application In South Korea. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 16(3), 1-17.
Shin, S. (2018). The Effects of Burnout on Absence and Disciplinary Action among Police Officers in Korea, The Journal of Korea Contents Society, 18(5), 149-155.doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2018.18.05.149
Shirom, A. (2011). Job-related burnout: A review of major research foci and challenges. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (2nd ed., pp. 223-242). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Swider, B. W., & Zimmerman, R. D. (2010). Born to burnout: A meta-analytic path model of personality, job burnout, and work outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76(3), 487-506.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.01.003
Taris, T. W. (2006). Is there a relationship between burnout and objective performance? A critical review of 16 studies. Work & Stress, 20(4), 316-334.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370601065893
Taris, T., Le Blanc, P., Schaufeli, W., & Schreurs, P. (2005). Are there causal relationships between the dimensions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory? A review and two longitudinal tests. Work & Stress, 19(3), 238-255.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500270453
Toppinen‐Tanner, S., Ahola, K., Koskinen, A., & Väänänen, A. (2009). Burnout predicts hospitalization for mental and cardiovascular disorders: 10‐year prospective results from industrial sector. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 25(4), 287-296. doi: 10. 1002/smi.1282
Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., Witte, H., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22(3), 277-294.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393672
van der Linden, Keijsers, G. P., Eling, P., & Schaijk, R. V. (2005). Work stress and attentional difficulties: An initial study on burnout and cognitive failures. Work & Stress, 19(1), 23-36.https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370500065275
Vaswani, N., & Narayanamurthy, P. (2017). PCA in Data-Dependent Noise (Correlated-PCA): Nearly Optimal Finite Sample Guarantees. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.03070.
Weber, A., & Jaekel-Reinhard, A. (2000). Burnout syndrome: a disease of modern societies? Occupational medicine, 50(7), 512-517.https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/50.7.512
West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp.56-75). Newburry Park, CA: Sage.
Worley, J. A., Vassar, M., Wheeler, D. L., & Barnes, L. L. (2008). Factor structure of scores from the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A review and meta-analysis of 45 exploratory and confirmatory factor-analytic studies. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 68(5), 797-823.https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164408315268
Ybema, J. F., Smulders, P. G., & Bongers, P. M. (2010). Antecedents and consequences of employee absenteeism: A longitudinal perspective on the role of job satisfaction and burnout. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 19(1), 102-124.https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320902793691