The relationships between organizational context and CEO’s use of psychological words in speeches The application
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examined the relationships between organizational context and the chief executive officer (CEO)’s psychological statements. To this end, using a linguistic analysis program of K-LIWC, content analyses were conducted on three major speeches-the New Year’s addresses, the founding day addresses, and the year-ending farewell Address-which had been presented between 1969 and 1992 by the founder and chief executive officer of POSCO. This study analyzed two kinds of organizational context; the number of critical events within and outside the organization and the three stages of organizational development. With respect to the number of critical events measured as one aspect of organizational context, it was found that the greater the number of critical events, the more the CEO used words with both positive emotion and negative emotion. In relations to the organizational development stage measured as another aspect of organizational context, psychological statements related to both emotional and social processes were made significantly more often during the entrepreneurial stage and growth stage compared to the expansion stage. The findings suggest that the outstanding CEO tend to adjust the use of psychological words according to the change in organizational context in communicating with organization members through speeches. Finally, the theoretical and practical implications and limitations of the current study were discussed.
Metrics
Metrics Loading ...
Article Details
How to Cite
Lee, J., & Kim, M. (2011). The relationships between organizational context and CEO’s use of psychological words in speeches: The application. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 24(4), 759–783. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v24i4.759-783
Section
Empirical Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
김명언 (2011). 왜 긍정성인가? 한국 산업 및 조직심리학회 춘계심포지움 논문집, 23-26.
김민영 (2008). 대통령과 언론의 상호 영향력 연구: 노무현 대통령 연설문 및 신문 사설을 중심으로. 서울대학교 대학원.
김세진, 김교헌 (2005). 아동의 외상경험에 대한 자기노출이 분노 반응에 미치는 효과: 적대감의 중재효과. 한국심리학회지 건강, 10(1), 47-65.
김예지 (2011). 연설문에 나타난 최고경영자의 현실적 낙관주의: 포스코 사례. 서울대학교 석사학위논문.
김정근 (2010). 팀 리더 언어특성 분석을 통한 코칭 효과성 연구. 한국심리학회지 산업 및 조직 추계학술대회 발표집, 1-2
박민정, 박혜원 (2008). 한국 및 중국 조선족 청소년의 글에 나타난 언어학적, 심리학적 특성 비교. 아동학회지, 29(3), 357-373.
박성희 (2009). 대통령 취임 연설의 제의적(Epideictic) 특성 수사 분석: 버락 오바마 미국 대통령 취임연설문을 중심으로. 스피치와 커뮤니케이션, 195-222.
박재진, 박종민, 이창환 (2005) 1960년에서 2005년까지 우리나라 광고언어의 시대 차이 분석. 한국언론학회, 한국언론학보, 제51권 5호, 394~423.
산업연구원 (1997). 포항제철의 기업발전사 연구.
서은국 (2010). 한국인의 행복지수. 행복한 사회를 위한 심리학. 한국심리학회 연차학술대회 국제심포지움 논문집.
송성수 (2002). 한국 철강산업의 기술능력 발전과정: 1960~1990년대의 포항제철. 서울대학교 박사학위논문.
신유근 (1999) 신조직환경론. 다산출판사.
안신호, 이승혜, 권오식 (1993). 정서의 구조: 한국어 정서 단어분석, 한국심리학회지 사회, 7(1), 107-123.
연세대학교 (1989). 연세대학교 빈도사전. 한국어사전 편찬실.
이대환 (2004). 세계 최고의 철강인 박태준. 현암사.
이덕로, 김상표 (2000). 포항제철의 노사동반자관계 사례. 한국인적자원개발학회, 인적자원개발연구, 2(1), 141~169.
이정화 (2009). K-LIWC을 활용한 상담 프로토콜의 언어분석. 부산대학교 학위논문.
이정화, 홍창희 (2009). K-LIWC을 활용한 상담 프로토콜의 언어분석. 한국심리학회연차학술발표대회 논문집, 2009, 326-327.
이창환, 심정미, & 윤애선 (2005). 언어적 특성을 이용한 ‘심리학적 한국어 글분석 프로그램 (KLIWC)’개발 과정에 대한 고찰. 인지과학, 16(2), 93-121.
이철송 (1995). 현대회사의 소유구조의 변화와 회사법논리의 재정립, 법경제연구Ⅱ, 한국개발연구원.
중앙일보. (2004). 쇳물은 멈추지 않는다 중앙일보사.
최대정, 최가영, 박동건 (2005). 리더의 정서 표현이 팀 구성원의 정서경험에 미치는 영향: 정서규범과 정체화 수준의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지 산업 및 조직, 18(2), 201-224.
최영재 (2008). 대통령의 수사와 언론 보도, 지지도의 상관관계: 노무현 대통령 사례 시계열분석. 스피치와 커뮤니케이션, 10, 164 -191.
포항제철 (1992). 4반세기 제철대역사의 완성: 국내․외에서 본 포항제철의 성공요인. 포스코경영연구소.
포항제철 (1993). 영일만에서 광양만까지: 포항제철 25년사. 포항제철주식회사.
Basch, J., & Fisher, C. (2000). Affective events -emotions matrix: A classification of work events and associated emotions. Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory, and practice, 221-235.
Bass, B. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18, (3), 19-31.
Bass, B. (1997). Does the transactional- transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist, 52, 130-139.
Barley, S. R., Meyer, G. W., & Gash, D. C. (1988). Cultures of culture: academics, practitioners and the pragmatics of normative control. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 24 -60.
Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Meindl, J. R. (2004a). Charisma under crisis: Presidential leadership, rhetoric, and media responses before and after the September 11th terrorist attacks. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(2), 211 -239.
Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Meindl, J. R. (2004b). Charting the Language of Leadership: A Methodological Investigation of President Bush and the Crisis of 9/11. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 562-574.
Bryman. A. (1989) Research Methods and Organizational Studies. Lough borough: Routledge.
Bryman, A., Stephens, M., & Campo, C. à. (1996). The importance of context: Qualitative research and the study of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 353-370.
Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (2003). Foundations of Positive Organizational Scholarship. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline: 3-13. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Chen, H. M., & T. S. Kuo (2004). Performance appraisal across organizational life cycle. Human Systems Management, 23, 227-233.
Conger, J., & Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational setting. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 637-647.
Conger, J., & Kanungo, R. N. (1994). Charismatic leadership in organizations: perceived behavioral attributes and their measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(5), 439 -452.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic Leadership in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Conger, J. A., & Toegel, G. (2002). A Story of Missed Opportunities: Qualitative Methods for Leadership Research and Practice. In K. W. Parry & J. R. Meindl (Eds.), Grounding Leadership Theory and Research: Issues, Perspectives and Methods.
Cooperrider, D., & Whitney, D.(2005). Appreciative Inquiry. Berrett-Koehler.
D' Aveni, R. A., MacMillan, I. C. (1990). Crisis and the content of managerial communications: A study of the focus of attention of top managers in surviving and failing firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(4), 634-657.
Denis, J. -L., Lamothe, L., & Langley, A. (2001). The dynamics of collective leadership and strategic change in pluralistic organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 809 -837.
Denison, D., Hart, S. and Kahn, J. (1996). “From Chimneys to Cross-functional teams: Developing and validating a diagnostic model.” Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1005-23.
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Duncan, K. D. (1972). Strategies for analysis of the task. In J. Hartley (Ed.), Strategies for programmed instruction: An educational technology. London, UK: Butterworth.
Fiedler, F., & Chemers, M. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness (Vol. 205): McGraw-Hill New York.
Goleman, D. (1998) Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Greiner, L. (1972). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review, 50(4), 37-46.
Greiner, L. (1997). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Family Business Review, 10(4), 397.
House, R. J. (1994). Leadership in the twenty-first century: A speculative inquiry. Reginald H. Jones Center, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
House, R. J., Spangler, W. D., & Woycke, J. (1991). Personality and Charisma in the U.S. Presidency: A Psychological Theory of Leader Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 364-396.
Insch, G. S., Moore, J. E., & Murphy, L. D. (1997). Content analysis in leadership research: Examples, procedures, and suggestions for future use. The Leadership Quarterly, 8(1), 1-25.
Isabella. (1988). The effect of career stage on the meaning of key organizational events. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(4), 345-358.
Isabella. (1990). Evolving interpretations as a change unfolds: how managers construe key organizational events. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 7-41.
Kanungo, R. N., & Mendonca, M. (1996). Ethical Dimensions of Leadership. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks. CA.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1995). The Leadership Challenge. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA.
Klenke, K. (2008). Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing
Lee, C. H., Kim, K., Seo, Y. S., & Chung, C. K. (2007). The relations between personality and language use. The Journal of General Psychology, 134(4), 405-413.
Lester, D., Parnell, J., & Carraher, S. (1993). Organizational life cycle: a five-stage empirical scale. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(4), 339-354.
Lewis, K. M. (2000). When leaders display emotion: how followers respond to negative emotional expression of male and female leaders. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21 (2), 221-234.
Liao, C. N. (2007). Sales incentive within organizaional life cycle: A transaction coast analysis. Human Systems Management, 26, 1-9.
Liehr P, Mehl M. R., Summers, L. C., & Pennebaker J. W. (2004). Connecting with others in the midst of stressful upheaval on September 11, 2001. Applied Nursing Research, 17(1), 2-9.
McKern, B., & Malan, R. M.(1992). POSCO's strategy in the development of Korea. Graduate School of Business case(S-IB-10). Stanford University.
Miles, M., & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded source book (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Miles, R., C. Snow and J. Pfeffer. (1974). 'Organization-environment: concepts and issues, Industrial Relations, 13, 244-264.
Morgeson, F. P., & DeRue, D. S. (2006). Event criticality, urgency, and duration: Understanding how events disrupt teams and influence team leader intervention. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(3), 271-287.
Neuendorf, K. (2002). The content analysis guidebook: Sage Publications, Inc.
Olson, P. D., & Terpstra, D. E. (1992). Organizational Structural Changes: Life-cycle Stage Influences and Managers' and Interventionists' Challenges. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 5(4), 27.
Pawar, B. S., & Eastman, K. K. (1997). The Nature and Implications of Contextual Influences on Transformational Leadership: A Conceptual Examination. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 80-109.
Porter, L. W., & McLaughlin, G. B. (2006). Leadership and the organizational context: Like the weather? Leadership Quarterly, 17, 559-576.
Pawar, B. S., & Eastman, K. K.(1997). The Nature and Implications of Contextual Influences on Transformational Leadership: A Conceptual Examination. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 80-109.
Pennings, J. M. (1992). Structural contingency theory: A reappraisal. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organization behavior (pp.267-309). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J. Fancis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 863-871.
Pennebaker, J. W. Mehl, M., & Niederhoffer K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural langauge use: our words, our selves, Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547-577.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Stone, L. D. (2003). Words of Wisdom: Language Use Over the Life Span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 291-301.
Peterson, M. (1998). Embedded organizational events: the units of process in organization science. Organization Science, 9(1), 16-33.
Pirola-Merlo, A., Hartel, C., Mann, L., & Hirst, G. (2002). How leaders influence the impact of affective events on team climate and performance in R&D teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(5), 561-581.
Porter, L. W., & McLaughlin, G. B. (2006). Leadership and the organizational context: Like the weather? The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 559-576.
Quinn, R., & Cameron, K. (1983). Organizational life cycles and shifting criteria of effectiveness: Some preliminary evidence. Management Science, 29(1), 33-51.
Sakuragi, I. (2009). 대통령 정치 연설문의 텍스트성 분석. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위 논문.
Schweitzer, A. (1984). The age of charisma. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Shamir, B., & Howell, J. M. (1999). Organizational and contextual influences on the emergence and effectiveness of charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 257 -283.
Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass Publishers (San Franciso)
Smircich, L. & Morgan, G. (1982). Leadership: The Management of Meaning, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 257-273
Smith, K., Mitchell, T., & Summer, C. (1985). Top level management priorities in different stages of the organizational life cycle. Academy of Management Journal, 28(4), 799-820.
Stachowski, A., Kaplan, S., & Waller, M. (2009). The benefits of flexible team interaction during crises. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (6), 1536-1543.
Stogdill, R. M (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York: Free Press.
Stone, L. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2002). Trauma in real time: Talking and avoiding online conversations about the death of Princess Diana. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 172-182.
Strauss & Corbin (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications.
Sy, T., Cote, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: Impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 295-305.
Weick, K. E. (1969). The social psychology of organizing. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Weiss, H., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events Theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Elsevier Science/JAI Press
Willner, A. R. (1984). The Spellbinders: Charismatic political leadership. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Yin. R. K. (2003). Applications of case study research. Sage Publications, Inc.
김민영 (2008). 대통령과 언론의 상호 영향력 연구: 노무현 대통령 연설문 및 신문 사설을 중심으로. 서울대학교 대학원.
김세진, 김교헌 (2005). 아동의 외상경험에 대한 자기노출이 분노 반응에 미치는 효과: 적대감의 중재효과. 한국심리학회지 건강, 10(1), 47-65.
김예지 (2011). 연설문에 나타난 최고경영자의 현실적 낙관주의: 포스코 사례. 서울대학교 석사학위논문.
김정근 (2010). 팀 리더 언어특성 분석을 통한 코칭 효과성 연구. 한국심리학회지 산업 및 조직 추계학술대회 발표집, 1-2
박민정, 박혜원 (2008). 한국 및 중국 조선족 청소년의 글에 나타난 언어학적, 심리학적 특성 비교. 아동학회지, 29(3), 357-373.
박성희 (2009). 대통령 취임 연설의 제의적(Epideictic) 특성 수사 분석: 버락 오바마 미국 대통령 취임연설문을 중심으로. 스피치와 커뮤니케이션, 195-222.
박재진, 박종민, 이창환 (2005) 1960년에서 2005년까지 우리나라 광고언어의 시대 차이 분석. 한국언론학회, 한국언론학보, 제51권 5호, 394~423.
산업연구원 (1997). 포항제철의 기업발전사 연구.
서은국 (2010). 한국인의 행복지수. 행복한 사회를 위한 심리학. 한국심리학회 연차학술대회 국제심포지움 논문집.
송성수 (2002). 한국 철강산업의 기술능력 발전과정: 1960~1990년대의 포항제철. 서울대학교 박사학위논문.
신유근 (1999) 신조직환경론. 다산출판사.
안신호, 이승혜, 권오식 (1993). 정서의 구조: 한국어 정서 단어분석, 한국심리학회지 사회, 7(1), 107-123.
연세대학교 (1989). 연세대학교 빈도사전. 한국어사전 편찬실.
이대환 (2004). 세계 최고의 철강인 박태준. 현암사.
이덕로, 김상표 (2000). 포항제철의 노사동반자관계 사례. 한국인적자원개발학회, 인적자원개발연구, 2(1), 141~169.
이정화 (2009). K-LIWC을 활용한 상담 프로토콜의 언어분석. 부산대학교 학위논문.
이정화, 홍창희 (2009). K-LIWC을 활용한 상담 프로토콜의 언어분석. 한국심리학회연차학술발표대회 논문집, 2009, 326-327.
이창환, 심정미, & 윤애선 (2005). 언어적 특성을 이용한 ‘심리학적 한국어 글분석 프로그램 (KLIWC)’개발 과정에 대한 고찰. 인지과학, 16(2), 93-121.
이철송 (1995). 현대회사의 소유구조의 변화와 회사법논리의 재정립, 법경제연구Ⅱ, 한국개발연구원.
중앙일보. (2004). 쇳물은 멈추지 않는다 중앙일보사.
최대정, 최가영, 박동건 (2005). 리더의 정서 표현이 팀 구성원의 정서경험에 미치는 영향: 정서규범과 정체화 수준의 조절효과. 한국심리학회지 산업 및 조직, 18(2), 201-224.
최영재 (2008). 대통령의 수사와 언론 보도, 지지도의 상관관계: 노무현 대통령 사례 시계열분석. 스피치와 커뮤니케이션, 10, 164 -191.
포항제철 (1992). 4반세기 제철대역사의 완성: 국내․외에서 본 포항제철의 성공요인. 포스코경영연구소.
포항제철 (1993). 영일만에서 광양만까지: 포항제철 25년사. 포항제철주식회사.
Basch, J., & Fisher, C. (2000). Affective events -emotions matrix: A classification of work events and associated emotions. Emotions in the workplace: Research, theory, and practice, 221-235.
Bass, B. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18, (3), 19-31.
Bass, B. (1997). Does the transactional- transformational leadership paradigm transcend organizational and national boundaries? American Psychologist, 52, 130-139.
Barley, S. R., Meyer, G. W., & Gash, D. C. (1988). Cultures of culture: academics, practitioners and the pragmatics of normative control. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 24 -60.
Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Meindl, J. R. (2004a). Charisma under crisis: Presidential leadership, rhetoric, and media responses before and after the September 11th terrorist attacks. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(2), 211 -239.
Bligh, M. C., Kohles, J. C., & Meindl, J. R. (2004b). Charting the Language of Leadership: A Methodological Investigation of President Bush and the Crisis of 9/11. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 562-574.
Bryman. A. (1989) Research Methods and Organizational Studies. Lough borough: Routledge.
Bryman, A., Stephens, M., & Campo, C. à. (1996). The importance of context: Qualitative research and the study of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), 353-370.
Cameron, K. S., Dutton, J. E., & Quinn, R. E. (2003). Foundations of Positive Organizational Scholarship. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship: Foundations of a new discipline: 3-13. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Chen, H. M., & T. S. Kuo (2004). Performance appraisal across organizational life cycle. Human Systems Management, 23, 227-233.
Conger, J., & Kanungo, R. N. (1987). Toward a behavioral theory of charismatic leadership in organizational setting. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 637-647.
Conger, J., & Kanungo, R. N. (1994). Charismatic leadership in organizations: perceived behavioral attributes and their measurement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(5), 439 -452.
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1998). Charismatic Leadership in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Conger, J. A., & Toegel, G. (2002). A Story of Missed Opportunities: Qualitative Methods for Leadership Research and Practice. In K. W. Parry & J. R. Meindl (Eds.), Grounding Leadership Theory and Research: Issues, Perspectives and Methods.
Cooperrider, D., & Whitney, D.(2005). Appreciative Inquiry. Berrett-Koehler.
D' Aveni, R. A., MacMillan, I. C. (1990). Crisis and the content of managerial communications: A study of the focus of attention of top managers in surviving and failing firms. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(4), 634-657.
Denis, J. -L., Lamothe, L., & Langley, A. (2001). The dynamics of collective leadership and strategic change in pluralistic organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 809 -837.
Denison, D., Hart, S. and Kahn, J. (1996). “From Chimneys to Cross-functional teams: Developing and validating a diagnostic model.” Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1005-23.
Denzin, N., & Lincoln, Y. (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Duncan, K. D. (1972). Strategies for analysis of the task. In J. Hartley (Ed.), Strategies for programmed instruction: An educational technology. London, UK: Butterworth.
Fiedler, F., & Chemers, M. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness (Vol. 205): McGraw-Hill New York.
Goleman, D. (1998) Working with Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Greiner, L. (1972). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Harvard Business Review, 50(4), 37-46.
Greiner, L. (1997). Evolution and revolution as organizations grow. Family Business Review, 10(4), 397.
House, R. J. (1994). Leadership in the twenty-first century: A speculative inquiry. Reginald H. Jones Center, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
House, R. J., Spangler, W. D., & Woycke, J. (1991). Personality and Charisma in the U.S. Presidency: A Psychological Theory of Leader Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 364-396.
Insch, G. S., Moore, J. E., & Murphy, L. D. (1997). Content analysis in leadership research: Examples, procedures, and suggestions for future use. The Leadership Quarterly, 8(1), 1-25.
Isabella. (1988). The effect of career stage on the meaning of key organizational events. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 9(4), 345-358.
Isabella. (1990). Evolving interpretations as a change unfolds: how managers construe key organizational events. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 7-41.
Kanungo, R. N., & Mendonca, M. (1996). Ethical Dimensions of Leadership. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks. CA.
Kouzes, J. M., & Posner, B. Z. (1995). The Leadership Challenge. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA.
Klenke, K. (2008). Qualitative research in the study of leadership. Emerald Group Publishing
Lee, C. H., Kim, K., Seo, Y. S., & Chung, C. K. (2007). The relations between personality and language use. The Journal of General Psychology, 134(4), 405-413.
Lester, D., Parnell, J., & Carraher, S. (1993). Organizational life cycle: a five-stage empirical scale. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(4), 339-354.
Lewis, K. M. (2000). When leaders display emotion: how followers respond to negative emotional expression of male and female leaders. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21 (2), 221-234.
Liao, C. N. (2007). Sales incentive within organizaional life cycle: A transaction coast analysis. Human Systems Management, 26, 1-9.
Liehr P, Mehl M. R., Summers, L. C., & Pennebaker J. W. (2004). Connecting with others in the midst of stressful upheaval on September 11, 2001. Applied Nursing Research, 17(1), 2-9.
McKern, B., & Malan, R. M.(1992). POSCO's strategy in the development of Korea. Graduate School of Business case(S-IB-10). Stanford University.
Miles, M., & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded source book (2nd edn). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Miles, R., C. Snow and J. Pfeffer. (1974). 'Organization-environment: concepts and issues, Industrial Relations, 13, 244-264.
Morgeson, F. P., & DeRue, D. S. (2006). Event criticality, urgency, and duration: Understanding how events disrupt teams and influence team leader intervention. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(3), 271-287.
Neuendorf, K. (2002). The content analysis guidebook: Sage Publications, Inc.
Olson, P. D., & Terpstra, D. E. (1992). Organizational Structural Changes: Life-cycle Stage Influences and Managers' and Interventionists' Challenges. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 5(4), 27.
Pawar, B. S., & Eastman, K. K. (1997). The Nature and Implications of Contextual Influences on Transformational Leadership: A Conceptual Examination. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 80-109.
Porter, L. W., & McLaughlin, G. B. (2006). Leadership and the organizational context: Like the weather? Leadership Quarterly, 17, 559-576.
Pawar, B. S., & Eastman, K. K.(1997). The Nature and Implications of Contextual Influences on Transformational Leadership: A Conceptual Examination. The Academy of Management Review, 22(1), 80-109.
Pennings, J. M. (1992). Structural contingency theory: A reappraisal. In B. M. Staw & L. L. Cummings (Eds.), Research in organization behavior (pp.267-309). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J. Fancis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(4), 863-871.
Pennebaker, J. W. Mehl, M., & Niederhoffer K. G. (2003). Psychological aspects of natural langauge use: our words, our selves, Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 547-577.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Stone, L. D. (2003). Words of Wisdom: Language Use Over the Life Span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 291-301.
Peterson, M. (1998). Embedded organizational events: the units of process in organization science. Organization Science, 9(1), 16-33.
Pirola-Merlo, A., Hartel, C., Mann, L., & Hirst, G. (2002). How leaders influence the impact of affective events on team climate and performance in R&D teams. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(5), 561-581.
Porter, L. W., & McLaughlin, G. B. (2006). Leadership and the organizational context: Like the weather? The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 559-576.
Quinn, R., & Cameron, K. (1983). Organizational life cycles and shifting criteria of effectiveness: Some preliminary evidence. Management Science, 29(1), 33-51.
Sakuragi, I. (2009). 대통령 정치 연설문의 텍스트성 분석. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위 논문.
Schweitzer, A. (1984). The age of charisma. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Shamir, B., & Howell, J. M. (1999). Organizational and contextual influences on the emergence and effectiveness of charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 257 -283.
Schein, E. H. (1985). Organizational culture and leadership. Jossey-Bass Publishers (San Franciso)
Smircich, L. & Morgan, G. (1982). Leadership: The Management of Meaning, Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 257-273
Smith, K., Mitchell, T., & Summer, C. (1985). Top level management priorities in different stages of the organizational life cycle. Academy of Management Journal, 28(4), 799-820.
Stachowski, A., Kaplan, S., & Waller, M. (2009). The benefits of flexible team interaction during crises. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94 (6), 1536-1543.
Stogdill, R. M (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York: Free Press.
Stone, L. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2002). Trauma in real time: Talking and avoiding online conversations about the death of Princess Diana. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24, 172-182.
Strauss & Corbin (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Sage Publications.
Sy, T., Cote, S., & Saavedra, R. (2005). The contagious leader: Impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members, group affective tone, and group processes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), 295-305.
Weick, K. E. (1969). The social psychology of organizing. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.
Weiss, H., & Cropanzano, R. (1996). Affective Events Theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. Elsevier Science/JAI Press
Willner, A. R. (1984). The Spellbinders: Charismatic political leadership. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Yin. R. K. (2003). Applications of case study research. Sage Publications, Inc.