A cross-cultural study on the Köhler Motivation Gain Effect in team performance
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May 31, 2013
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Abstract
The present study examined a factor that could contribute to cross-cultural differences in team performance (viz., age composition between team members) within one group motivation-gain paradigm (viz. the Köhler motivation gain, where a low-ability team member works harder in a team where they are the “weak link” than if s/he were working alone; Hertel, Kerr, & Messé, 2000a). In Exp. 1, I proposed that cultural difference between East Asians and Westerners(e.g., collectivism vs. individualism, interdependent vs. independent self-construal) could moderate the Köhler motivation gain effect, but the results showed that the culture did not moderate the Köhler effect. In Exp. 2, I found that age composition between group members (i.e., working with younger partner vs. older partner) might have different meaning in Korean culture compared to American culture. Finally, in Exp. 3., I conducted an experiment which extended the results of the Exp. 2 in two ways: 1) the Exp. 3 collected actual performance data rather than respondents’ intention to perform, as in the prior study, and 2) the Exp. 3 competitively tested alternative explanations for an age-of-partner effect in Korea. Both the performance results and subjective ratings of the present study suggested that the age effect in Korea could be explained in terms of participant’s felt responsibility in the task performance situation (i.e., Koreans felt more responsibility for the outcome of their group when they worked with a younger partner than an older partner). These results were discussed in terms of the social psychological implications of the deeply rooted Confucianism in Korean society (Koh, 1996). Limitations of the study and implications of the results for understanding existing cross-cultural theories were also discussed.
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Seok, D. (2013). A cross-cultural study on the Köhler Motivation Gain Effect in team performance. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 26(2), 371–411. https://doi.org/10.24230/kjiop.v26i2.371-411
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References
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류수영 (2012). 집단구성의 다양성과 군자적 리더십이 집단성과에 미치는 영향: 군자적 리더십의 조절효과 검증. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 25(1), 27-58.
조긍호 (2003). 한국인 이해의 개념틀. 서울: 나남.
최인섭, 이계훈, 오세진 (2013). 팀 업무 수행과 보상의 유관성 수준이 사회적 태만 행동에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 산업 및 조직, 26(1), 103-118.
한덕웅 (1994). 퇴계심리학. 서울: 성균관대학교 출판부.
한덕웅 (2003). 한국유학심리학. 서울: 시그마프레스.
Aycan, Z. (2006). Paternalism: Towards conceptual refinement and operationalization. In U. Kim, K. S. Yang, & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp.27-48). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Bell, B. S., & Kozlowski, S. J. (2002). A typology of virtual teams: Implications for effective leadership. Group and Organization Management, 27(1), 14-49.
Brislin, R. W. (1986). The wording and translation of research instruments. In W. J. Lonner & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field methods in cross-cultural research (pp.137-164). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Choi, S. C., Kim, U., & Choi, S, H (1993). Indigenous analysis of collective representations: A Korean perspective. In U. Kim, & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Indigenous psychologies: Research and experience in cultural context (pp.193-200). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Duncan, J. B. (2002). Uses of Confucianism in modern Korea. In B. A. Elman, J. B. Duncan, & H. Ooms (Eds.), Rethinking Confucianism: Past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam (pp.431-462). Los Angeles: UCLA Asia Institute.
Fiske, A. P., Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R., & Nisbett, R. E. (1998). The cultural matrix of social psychology. In D. Gilbert, S. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp.915-981). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Gockel, C., Kerr, N. L., Seok, D., & Harris, D. W. (2008). Indispensability and group identification as sources of task motivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1316-1321.
Han, G., & Choe, S. M. (1994). Effects of family, region, and school network ties on interpersonal intentions and the analysis of network activities in Korea. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp.251-266). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Han, G., & Shin, S. J. (2000). A cultural profile of Korean society: From vertical collectivism to horizontal individualism. Korean Social Science Journal, 27(2), 69-96.
Hertel, G., Deter, C. & Konradt, U. (2003). Motivation gains in computer-mediated work groups. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 2080-2105.
Hertel, G., Geister, S. & Konradt, U. (2005). Managing virtual teams: A review of current empirical research. Human Resource Management Review, 15, 69-95.
Hertel, G., Kerr, N. L., & Messé, L. A. (2000a). Motivation gains in performance groups: Paradigmatic and theoretical developments on the Köhler effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 580-601.
Hertel, G., Kerr, N. L., Scheffler, M., Geister, S., & Messé, L. A. (2000b). Exploring the Köhler motivation gain effect: Impression management and spontaneous goal setting. Zeischrift fur Sozialpsychologie, 31, 204-220.
Hertel, G., Konradt, U., & Orlikowski, B. (2004). Managing distance by interdependence: Goal setting, task interdependence, and team-based rewards in virtual teams. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13, 1-28.
Hertel, G., Niemeyer, G. & Clauss, A. (2008). Social indispensability or social comparison: The why and when of motivation gains of inferior group members. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(5), 1329-1363.
Hinsz, V. B. (1995). Goal setting by groups performing an additive task: A comparison with individual goal setting. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 965-990.
Karau, S. J. & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing: A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681-706.
Kerr, N. L., & MacCoun, R. (1984). Sex composition of groups and member motivation II: Effects of relative member ability. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 5, 255-271.
Kerr, N. L., Messé, L. M., Park, E. S., & Sambolec, E. (2005). Identifiability, performance feedback and the Köhler effect. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 8(4), 375-390.
Kerr, N. L., Messé, L. M., Seok, D., Sambolec, E., Lount., R. B. Jr., & Park, E. S. (2007). Psychological mechanisms underlying the Köhler motivation gain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 33(6), 828-841
Kerr, N. L., & Seok, D. (2011). “...with a little help from my friends”: Friendship, Effort Norms, and Group Motivation Gain. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 26(3), 205-218.
Kerr, N. L., Seok, D., Poulsen, J. R., Harris, D. W., & Messé, L. A. (2008). Social ostracism and group motivation gain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38(4), 736-746.
Kim, U. M. (1994). Significance of paternalism and communalism in the occupational welfare system of Korean firms: A national survey. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method, and applications (pp. 251-266). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Kim, U. & Park, Y. S. (2006a). South Korea. In J. Georgas, J. Berry, F. J. R. van de Vijver, C. Kagitcibasi, & Y. H. Poortinga (Eds.), Families across cultures: A 30-nation psychological study (pp.450-457). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Kim, U. & Park, Y. S. (2006b). The scientific foundation of indigenous and cultural psychology: The transactional approach. In U. Kim, K. S. Yang, & K. K. Hwang (Eds.), Indigenous and cultural psychology: Understanding people in context (pp.27-48). New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
Koh, B. I. (1996). Confucianism in contemporary Korea. In W. M. Tu (Ed.), Confucian Traditions in East Asian Modernity: Moral Education and Economic Culture in Japan and the Four Mini-dragons (pp.191-201). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Köhler, O. (1926). Kraftleistungen bei Einzel-und Gruppenabeit [Physical performance in individual and group situations]. Industrielle Psychotechnik, 3, 274-282.
Köhler, O. (1927). Uber den Gruppenwirkungsgrad der menschlichen Korperarbeit und die Bedingung optimaler Kollektivkraftreaktion [On group efficiency of physical labor and the conditions of optimal collective performance]. Industrielle Psychotechnik, 4, 209-226.
Latané, B., Williams, K., & Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 822-832.
Leung, K. (2001). Different carrots for different rabbits: Effects of individualism-collectivism and power distance on work motivation. In M. Erez, U. Kleinbeck, & H. Thierry (Eds.), Work motivation in the context of a globalizing economy (pp.329-339). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (1984). The impact of cultural collectivism on reward allocation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 793-804.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal-setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lount, R. B., Kerr, N. L., Messé, L. M., Seok, D., & Park, E. S. (2008a). An examination of the stability and persistence of the Köhler motivation gain effect. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice. 12(4), 279-289.
Lount, R. B., Jr., Messé, L. A., & Kerr, N. L. (2000). Trying harder for different reasons: Conjunctivity and sex differences as bases for motivation gains in performing groups. Zeischrift fur Sozialpsychologie, 31, 221-230.
Lount, R. B., Park, E. S., Kerr, N. L., Messé, L. A., & Seok, D. (2008b). Evaluation concerns and the Köhler Effect: The impact of physical presence on motivation gains. Small Group Research, 39(6), 795-812
Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224- 253.
McNaughton, W. (1974). The Confucian vision. Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.
Messé, L. A., Hertel, G., Kerr, N. L., Lount, R. B., Jr., & Park, E. S. (2002). Knowledge of partner’s ability as a moderator of group motivation gains: An exploration of the Köhler discrepancy effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 935-946.
Nisbett, R. E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic vs. analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.
Oldstone-Moore, J. (2002). Confucianism: Origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places. NY: The Oxford University Press.
Palais, J. B. (2002). Confucianism and economic development in South Korea. In B. A. Elman, J. B. Duncan, & H. Ooms (Eds.), Rethinking Confucianism: Past and present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam (pp.489-517). Los Angeles: UCLA Asia Institute.
Park, I. H., & Cho, L. J. (1995). Confucianism and the Korean family. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 26(1), 117-134.
Pelled, L. H. (1996). Demographic diversity, conflict, and work group outcomes: An intervening process theory. Organization Science, 7, 615-631.
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