Factor Structure and Validity Estimates of the Korean Version of the Short Dark Triad
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The present study aims to assess the psychometric properties (i.e., reliability and validity) and factor structure of the Korean version of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) with 27 items for evaluating the traits of the Dark Triad: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. An analysis of factor structure using both exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) within Study 1 and Study 2 (N = 250 for study 1, N = 250 for study 2) yielded two factors of Machivellianism-Psychopathy (Ma-Psy) and Narcissism in Korea and did not suport the 3-factor solution of the original SD3 developed by Johns & Paulhus (2014). For item-level validity, the Rasch Rating Scale Model was applied and the final 17 items with two factors of the dark personality (SD-2) were confirmed as a result of an item goodness-of-fit and item difficulty. Also, the psychometric properties of the Korean adaptation of the SD3 (2-factor solution with 17 items, called SD2) provided support for both convergent and discrimiant validity estimates as well as stability over 1-month time interval. Implications and limitations of the current research are discussed.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Ahn, S. Y., & Kim, J. H. (2016). The influence of self camera(selfie) on self-disclosure, body-esteem, appearance management, social self-efficacy of women in their 20s: Focused on proteus effect. Cybercommunication Academic Society, 33(2), 87-123.
Andrich, D. (1978). Rating formulation for ordered response categories. Psychometrika, 43, 561-573. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02293814
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Pub. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Arseneault, R., & Catano, V. (2019). An extension of the dark triad and five factor model to three Asian societies. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 22(4), 358-368.http://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12378 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12378
Back, M. D., Kufner, A. C. P., Dufner, M., Gerlach, T. M., Rauthmann, J. F., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 1013- 1037. http://doi.org./10.1037/a0034431 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034431
Baviak, P. (1995). When psychopaths go to work: A case study of an industrial psychopath. Applied Psychology, 44(2), 171-188. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1995.tb01073.x
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46-76). New York: Guilford Press.
Brewer, G., Bennett, C., Davidson, L., Ireen, A., Phipps, AJ., Stewart-Wilkes, D., & Wilson, B. (2018). Dark triad traits and romantic relationship attachment, accommodation, and control. Personality and Individual Differences, 120, 202-208. http://doi.org./808010.1016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.09.008
Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2011). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. John Wiley & Sons. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118093108.oth1
Cho, S-H (2017). Polarization of internships and the government guidelines for intern protection. The Journal of Labor Law, 40, 395-444.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Chapter I - Why Machiavelli?. Studies in Machiavellianism, 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-174450-2.50006-3
Cho, H, J. & Seo, Y. S. (2011). Adult attachment and psychological distress: Mediating roles of maladaptive perfectionism and basic psychological needs satisfaction. Korean Journal Of Counseling And Psychotherapy, 23(2), 471- 490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/e711382011-001
Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity. Oxford, England: Mosby.
Cohen, A. (2016). Are they among us? A conceptual framework of the relationship between the dark triad personality and counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs). Human Resource Management Review, 26(1), 69-85.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.07.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.07.003
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10, 1-9.https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2009). The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of Management, 35(2), 219-257. http://doi.org./10.1177 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308318618
Derogatis, L. R. (2001). Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI)-18. Administration, scoring and procedures manual. Minneapolis: NCS Pearson, Inc. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t07502-000
Dowgwillo, E. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2016). Differentiating dark triad traits within and across interpersonal circumplex surfaces. Research Article, 24(1), 24-44. http://doi.org./10.1177/1073191116643161 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191116643161
Fraley, R. C., Brennan, K. G., & Waller, N. G. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350-365. http://doi.org./10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350
Furnham, A., Richards, S. C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 7(3), 199-216. http://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12018
Gamache, D., Savard, C., & Maheux-Caron, V. (2018). French adaptation of the Short Dark Triad: Psychometric properties and a head-to-head comparison with the Dirty Dozen. Personality and Individual Differences, 122, 164-170. http://doi.org./10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.027 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.10.027
Gebauer, J. E., Sedikides, C., Verplanken, B., & Maio, G. R. (2012). Communal narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(5), 854-878. http://doi.org./10.1037/a0029629 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029629
Geng, Y. G., Sun, Q, B., Huang, J. Y., Zhu, Y. Z., & Han, X. H. (2015). Dirty Dozen and Short Dark Triad: A Chinese validation of two brief measures of the Dark Triad. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23, 246-250.
Given-Wilson, Z., McIlwain, D., & Warburton, W. (2011). Meta-cognitive and interpersonal difficulties in overt and covert narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(7), 1000-1005. http://doi.org./10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.014
Han, S. J. (1999). Overt and covert self-relevant cognition of narcissists. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Hare, R. D., & Neumann, C. S. (2008). Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Psychology, 4, 217-246. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091452
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture and organizations. International Studies of Management & Organization, 10(4), 15-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1980.11656300
Homg, S. H. (2000). The criteria for selecting appropriate fit indices in structural equation modeling and their rationales. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19(1), 161-177.
Homg, S. H., & Cho, Y. R. (2016). Construction of a short version of the dysfunctional beliefs test: An application of Rasch rating scale model. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23(3), 865-880.
Hong, S., Kim, B., & Wolfe, M. (2005). A psychometric revision of the European American Values Scale for Asian Americans using the Rasch Model. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 37, 194-207. http://doi.org./10.1080/07481756.2005.11909760 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2005.11909760
Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureno, G., & Villasenor, V. S. (1988). Inventory of interpersonal problems: psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 885-892. http://doi.org./10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.885 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.885
Howard, M. C. (2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how canwo improve? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51-62.https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. http://doi.org./10.1080/10705519909540118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Jeong, H-W. & Jo, G-W. (2019). An empirical study on ‘Gapjil’ culture in korean society. Korean Political Science Review, 53(1), 105-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18854/kpsr.2019.53.1.005
Jonason, P. K., Kavanagh, P. S., Webster, G. D., & Fitzgerald, D. (2011). Comparing the measured and latent dark triad: Are three measures better than one?. Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences, 2(1), 28-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v2i1.12363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2458/jmm.v2i1.12363
Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: a concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420-432. http://doi.org./10.1037/a0019265 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019265
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2011). The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(5), 679-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.011
Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191113514105
Kajonius, P. J., Persson, B. N., Rosenberg, P., & Garcia, D. (2016). The (mis) measurement of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: exploitation at the core of the scale. PeerJ, 4, e1748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1748
Kim, H. S., Hong, G. H., & Hyun, M. H. (2011). Validity and reliability of the Korean version of the machiavellianism personality scale(K-MPS). Stress, 19(1), 21-30
Kim, S. H. (2004). Adaptation of the experiences in close relationships-revised scale into korean: Confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory approaches. Unpublished master’s thesis. Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Kim, T. H. (2009). Psychopath and Narcissist. Seoul: Saechangmedia.
Kim, Y (2002). The mediating effect of cultural variables on somatization. [Doctoral dissertation, Korea University].
Kwon, S. M. (2016). Depression: A swamp of depression and despair. Seoul: Hakjisa
Lee, H-J., & Won, H. T. (1995). Self-concepts and paranoid tendency. Psychological Science, 4, 15-29.
Lee, S. J., & Kim, J. K. (2011). The study of validity on the self-report psychopathy scale(SRPS). Korean Journal of Psychology: Law, 2(1), 35-47.
Lee, Y. S., Homg, S. H., & Shin, E. K.(2007). Rasch rating scale modeling of the disability identity scale. Korean Journal of Social Welfare, 59(4), 273-296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20970/kasw.2007.59.4.011
Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(1), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151
Levy, K. L., Ellison, W. D., & Reynoso, J. S. (2012). A historical review of narcissism and narcissistic personality. In J. D. Miller & K. W. Campbell (Eds.), The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (pp. 1-13). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118093108.ch1
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal population. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(3), 488-524. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6603_3
Linacre, J. M. (2005). WINSTEPS Rasch measurement [computer software]. Chicago, IL: Winsteps.com.
Linacre, J. M. (2011). A user’s guide to WINSTEPS MINISTEP Rasch-model computer programs.http://www.winsteps.com.
Lorenzo-Seva, U & Ferrando, P. J. (2015). FACTOR 10.3 [computer software]. University of Rovira i Virgili, Spain.
Lykken, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Inc.
Lyons, M. (2019). The Dark Triad of Personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy in everyday life. Academic Press.
Mahmut, M. K., Menictas, C., Stevenson, R. J., & Homewood, J. (2011). Validating the factor structure of the Self-Report Psychopathy scale in a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 23(3), 670-678. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023090 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023090
Malesza, M., Ostaszewski, P., Buchner, S., & Kaczmarek, M. C. (2019). The adaptation of the Short Dark Triad personality measure- psychometric properties of a German sample. Current Psychology, 38(3), 855-864.https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9662-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9662-0
Miller, J. D., Few, L. R., Seibert, L. A., Watts, A., Zeichner, A., & Lynam, D. R. (2012). An examination of the Dirty Dozen measure of psychopathy: A cautionary tale about the costs of brief measures. Psychological Assessment, 24(4), 1048-1053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028583
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2016). Measures of narcissism and their relations to DSM.5 pathological traits: A critical reappraisal. Assessment, 23, 3-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191114522909
Myung, J. K, (2016). Effects of CEOs' negative traits on corporate social responsibility: Focusing on the mediating impacts of organization's perceived role of ethics and social responsibility. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Inha University, Incheon, Korea. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040543
O'Boyle, E. H., Forsyth, D. R., Banks, G. C., Story, P. A., & White, C. D. (2015). A meta-analytic test of redundancy and relative importance of the dark triad and five-factor model of personality. Journal of personality, 83(6), 644-664. http://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12126 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12126
Ozsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K., & Ardıc, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of dark triad dirty dozen (DTDD-T), short dark triad (SD3-T), and single item narcissism scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.019
Papageorgiou, K. A., Denovan, A., & Dagnall, N. (2019). The positive effect of narcissism on depressive symptoms through mental toughness: Narcissism may be a dark trait but it does help with seeing the world less grey. European Psychiatry, 55, 74-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.10.002
Park, K. P., Woo, S. W., & Chang, M. S. (2012). Validational study of brief symptoms inventory-18(BSI-18) in college students. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31(2), 507-521 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2012.31.2.006
Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measures of dark personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562-594). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00020-6
Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36(6), 556-563.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Pechorro, P., Caramelo, V., Oliveira, J. P., Nunes, C., Curtis, S. R., & Jones, D. N. (2019). The Short Dark Triad (SD3): Adaptation and psychometrics among at-risk male and female youths. Deviant Behavior, 40(3), 273-286.https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1421120 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1421120
Persson, B. N., Kajonius, P. J., & Garcia, D. (2019). Revisiting the structure of the Short Dark Triad. Assessment, 26(1), 3-16.https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117701192 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191117701192
Poythress, N. G., & Hall, J. R. (2011). Psychopathy and impulsivity reconsidered. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(2), 120-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.02.003
Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R. C. (2003). Repairing Tom Swift’s electric factor analysis machine. Understanding Statistics, 2(1), 13-43. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328031US0201_02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328031US0201_02
Raskin, R., & Hall, C. S. (1981). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternative form reliability and further evidence of construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45(2), 159-162. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4502_10 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4502_10
Rauthmann, J. F., & Kolar, G. P. (2012). How “dark” are the Dark Triad traits? Examining the perceived darkness of narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(7), 884-889.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.06.020
Rauthmann, J. F. (2013). Investigating the MACH IV with item response theory and proposing the trimmed MACH. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95(4), 388-397. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.742905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2012.742905
Rie, J. I. (2013). Anger, anxiety, depression in the workplace-Differences of evoking causes and coping methods among emotions, relationships of emotion regulation and psychological well-being, job effectiveness. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 16(3), 19-58.
Rogoza, R., & Cieciuch, J. (2018). Dark Triad traits and their structure: An empirical approach. Current Psychology, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9834-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9834-6
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136
Sabouri, S., Gerber, M., Lemola, S., Becker, S. P., Shamsi, M., Shakouri, Z., Bahmani, D. S., Kalak, N., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2016) Examining Dark Triad traits in relation to sleep disturbances, anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in young adults. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 68, 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.03.012
Shih, S. I., Chi, N. W., Wu, C. C., & Wang, S. Y. (2019). When dark meets blue: The relations between dark triad personality and depression symptoms. Current Psychology, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00549-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00549-7
Spain, S. M., Harms, P., & LeBreton, J. M. (2014). The dark side of personality at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 41-60. http://doi.org/10.1002/job.1894 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1894
Spurk, D., & Hirschi, A. (2018). The Dark Triad and competitive psychological climate at work: A model of reciprocal relationships in dependence of age and organization change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(16), 736-751. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1515200 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2018.1515200
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: Harper Collins.
Teyber, E., & Teyber, F. (2017). Interpersonal process in therapy: An integrative model. Cengage Learning: Boston.
Vize, C. E., Lynam, D. R., Collison, K. L., & Miller, J. D. (2018). Differences among dark triad components: A meta-analytic investigation. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9(2), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000222 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000222
Wallin, D. J. (2007). Attachment in psychotherapy. Guilford press.
Williams, K. M., Paulhus, D. L., & Hare, R. D. (2007). Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88(2), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701268074 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890701268074
Wright, B. D., & Masters, G. N. (1982). Rating scale analysis. Chicago, IL: Measurement, Evaluation, Statistics, and Assessment Press.
Yang, J. E., Chang, M. S., So, J. H., & Kwak, H. W. (2011). Emotion processing of people with psychopathic tendency. Korean Journal of Psychology: General, 30(2), 357-375.
Yildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. (2015). Clarifying the heterogeneity in psychopathic samples: Towards a new continuum of primary and secondary psychopathy. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 9-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.001
Zeigler-Hill, V. E., & Marcus, D. K. (2016). The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology. Washington: American Psychological Association. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/14854-000